Resumo


Houve um aumento do foco e da conscientização sobre traumatismos cranianos e concussão relacionada ao esporte (SRC) em todos os esportes das comunidades médicas e científicas, organizações esportivas, legisladores, a mídia e a população em geral. O futebol, em particular, tem sido um foco de atenção devido à popularidade do jogo, a frequência do SRC e os efeitos hipotéticos do rumo repetitivo da bola. A Liga Principal de Futebol, o Futebol Americano e a Liga Nacional Feminina de Futebol organizaram conjuntamente uma conferência intitulada "Lesões no Futebol: Da Ciência ao Campo", de 21 a 22 de abril de 2017, em Nova York, Nova York. A missão desta conferência foi identificar, discutir e divulgar a ciência baseada em evidências relacionadas com os resultados e conclusões da quinta Conferência Internacional sobre Concussão no Esporte, realizada pelo Concussion in Sport Group e aplicá-los ao esporte do futebol. Além disso, revisamos informações sobre a epidemiologia e o mecanismo de lesões na cabeça no futebol em todos os níveis de jogo, dados sobre a biomecânica e os efeitos de impactos repetitivos na cabeça e outras considerações específicas do futebol. Discutimos como liberar as informações levantadas durante a cúpula para as principais partes interessadas, incluindo atletas, pais, treinadores e profissionais de saúde. Identificamos futuras áreas de pesquisa e colaboração para melhorar a saúde e a segurança dos jogadores de futebol.

References


McCrory P , 
Meeuwisse W , 
Dvořák J , et al 

. Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med 2017;51.
Google Scholar


Echemendia RJ , 
Meeuwisse W , 
McCrory P , et al 

. The concussion recognition tool. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:870–1.
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Echemendia RJ , 
Meeuwisse W , 
McCrory P , et al 

. The sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition (SCAT5): background and rationale. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:848–50.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097506 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Davis GA , 
Purcell L , 
Schneider KJ , et al 

. The child sport concussion assessment tool 5th edition (Child SCAT5). Br J Sports Med 2017;51:859–61.
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar

FIFA. FIFA big count 2006. Secondary FIFA big count. 2007 http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/bcoffsurv/bigcount.statspackage%5f7024.pdf 
Google Scholar

USSoccer. US Soccer Development Academy. Secondary US soccer development academy. 2017 http://www.ussoccerda.com/overview-what-is-da 
Google Scholar


Faude O , 
Rößler R , 
Junge A 

. Football injuries in children and adolescent players: are there clues for prevention? Sports Med 2013;43:819–37.doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0061-x 
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Faude O , 
Rössler R , 
Junge A , et al 

. Head injuries in children’s football-results from two prospective cohort studies in four European countries. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017;27:1986–92.doi:10.1111/sms.12839 
Google Scholar


Comstock RD , 
Currie DW , 
Pierpoint LA , et al 

. An evidence-based discussion of heading the ball and concussions in high school soccer. JAMA Pediatr 2015;169:830–7.doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1062 
Google Scholar


Marar M , 
McIlvain NM , 
Fields SK , et al 

. Epidemiology of concussions among United States high school athletes in 20 sports. Am J Sports Med 2012;40:747–55.doi:10.1177/0363546511435626 
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Schallmo MS , 
Weiner JA , 
Hsu WK 

. Sport and sex-specific reporting trends in the epidemiology of concussions sustained by high school athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2017;99:1314–20.doi:10.2106/JBJS.16.01573 
Google Scholar


Khodaee M , 
Currie DW , 
Asif IM , et al 

. Nine-year study of US high school soccer injuries: data from a national sports injury surveillance programme. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:185–93.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095946 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Lincoln AE , 
Caswell SV , 
Almquist JL , et al 

. Trends in concussion incidence in high school sports: a prospective 11-year study. Am J Sports Med 2011;39:958–63.
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Rosenthal JA , 
Foraker RE , 
Collins CL , et al 

. National high school athlete concussion rates From 2005-2006 to 2011-2012. Am J Sports Med 2014;42:1710–5.doi:10.1177/0363546514530091 
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Boden BP , 
Kirkendall DT , 
Garrett WE 

. Concussion incidence in elite college soccer players. Am J Sports Med1998;26:238–41.doi:10.1177/03635465980260021301 
PubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Zuckerman SL , 
Totten DJ , 
Rubel KE , et al 

. Mechanisms of injury as a diagnostic predictor of sport-related concussion severity in football, basketball, and soccer: results from a regional concussion registry. Neurosurgery 2016;63:102–12.doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000001280 
Google Scholar


O’Kane JW , 
Levy MR , 
Neradilek M , et al 

. Evaluation of the zachery lystedt law among female youth soccer players. Phys Sportsmed 2014;42:39–44.doi:10.3810/psm.2014.09.2074 
Google Scholar


Elbin RJ , 
Sufrinko A , 
Schatz P , et al 

. Removal from play after concussion and recovery time. Pediatrics2016;138:e20160910.doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0910 
Google Scholar


Taubman B , 
Rosen F , 
McHugh J , et al 

. The timing of cognitive and physical rest and recovery in concussion. J Child Neurol 2016;31:1555–60.doi:10.1177/0883073816664835 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

NCAA. NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. Secondary NCAA Injury Surveillance Program. 2017 http://www.ncaa.org/sport-science-institute/ncaa-injury-surveillance-program 
Google Scholar


Roos KG , 
Wasserman EB , 
Dalton SL , et al 

. Epidemiology of 3825 injuries sustained in six seasons of national collegiate athletic association men’s and women’s soccer (2009/2010-2014/2015). Br J Sports Med 2017;51:1029–34.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095718 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Zuckerman SL , 
Kerr ZY , 
Yengo-Kahn A , et al 

. Epidemiology of sports-related concussion in NCAA athletes from 2009-2010 to 2013-2014: incidence, recurrence, and mechanisms. Am J Sports Med 2015;43:2654–65.doi:10.1177/0363546515599634 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Echemendia RE 

. Review of MLS policy and discussion of concussion management. Manhattan Beach, CA: Major League Soccer 2017 Medical Symposium, 2017.
Google Scholar


Echemendia RJ , 
Broglio SP , 
Davis GA , et al 

. What tests and measures should be added to the SCAT3 and related tests to improve their reliability, sensitivity and/or specificity in sideline concussion diagnosis? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med2017;51:895–901.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097466 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Fuller CW , 
Fuller GW , 
Kemp SP , et al 

. Evaluation of World Rugby’s concussion management process: results from rugby world cup 2015. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:64–9.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096461 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Fuller GW , 
Kemp SP , 
Raftery M 

. The accuracy and reproducibility of video assessment in the pitch-side management of concussion in elite rugby. J Sci Med Sport 2017;20:246–9.doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2016.07.008 
Google Scholar


Patricios J , 
Fuller GW , 
Ellenbogen R , et al 

. What are the critical elements of sideline screening that can be used to establish the diagnosis of concussion? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:888–94.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097441 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Andersen TE , et al 

. Mechanisms of head injuries in elite football. Br J Sports Med 2004;38:690–6.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.009357 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Bjørneboe J , 
Bahr R , 
Dvorak J , et al 

. Lower incidence of arm-to-head contact incidents with stricter interpretation of the Laws of the Game in Norwegian male professional football. Br J Sports Med 2013;47:508–14.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091522 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Dupont G , 
Nedelec M , 
McCall A , et al 

. Effect of 2 soccer matches in a week on physical performance and injury rate. Am J Sports Med 2010;38:1752–8.doi:10.1177/0363546510361236 
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Ekstrand J , 
Hägglund M , 
Fuller CW 

. Comparison of injuries sustained on artificial turf and grass by male and female elite football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011;21:824–32.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01118.x 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Ekstrand J , 
Hägglund M , 
Waldén M 

. Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: the UEFA injury study. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:553–8.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.060582 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Gaulrapp H , 
Hartmut G , 
Becker A , et al 

. Injuries in women’s soccer: a 1-year all players prospective field study of the women’s Bundesliga (German premier league). Clin J Sport Med 2010;20:264–71.doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181e78e33 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Hägglund M , 
Waldén M , 
Ekstrand J 

. UEFA injury study-an injury audit of European championships 2006 to 2008. Br J Sports Med 2009;43:483–9.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.056937 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Jacobson I , 
Tegner Y 

. Injuries among Swedish female elite football players: a prospective population study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007;17:84–91.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00524.x 
PubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Nilsson M , 
Hägglund M , 
Ekstrand J , et al 

. Head and neck injuries in professional soccer. Clin J Sport Med 2013;23:255–60.doi:10.1097/JSM.0b013e31827ee6f8 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Hassabi M , 
Mohammad-Javad Mortazavi S , 
Giti MR , et al 

. Injury profile of a professional soccer team in the premier league of iran. Asian J Sports Med 2010;1:201–8.doi:10.5812/asjsm.34837 
PubMedGoogle Scholar


Eirale C , 
Tol JL , 
Whiteley R , et al 

. Different injury pattern in goalkeepers compared to field players: a three-year epidemiological study of professional football. J Sci Med Sport 2014;17:34–8.doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2013.05.004 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Prien A , 
Grafe A , 
Rössler R , et al 

. Epidemiology of head injuries focusing on concussions in team contact sports: a systematic review. Sports Med 2018;48:953–69.doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0854-4 
Google Scholar


Junge A , 
Dvorak J 

. Injury surveillance in the world football tournaments 1998-2012. Br J Sports Med 2013;47:782–8.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092205 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Fuller CW , 
Junge A , 
Dvorak J 

. A six year prospective study of the incidence and causes of head and neck injuries in international football. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:i3–9.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018937 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Junge A , 
Dvořák J 

. Football injuries during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Br J Sports Med 2015;49:599–602.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-094469 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar


Hägglund M , 
Waldén M , 
Ekstrand J 

. Injuries among male and female elite football players. Scand J Med Sci Sports2009;19:819–27.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00861.x 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Waldén M , 
Hägglund M , 
Ekstrand J 

. Football injuries during European Championships 2004-2005. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2007;15:1155–62.doi:10.1007/s00167-007-0290-3 
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Akodu AK , 
Owoeye OB , 
Ajenifuja M , et al 

. Incidence and characteristics of injuries during the 2011 West Africa Football Union (WAFU) Nations' Cup. Afr J Med Med Sci 2012;41:423–8.
Google Scholar


Yoon YS , 
Chai M , 
Shin DW 

. Football injuries at Asian tournaments. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:36–42.doi:10.1177/0095399703258781 
CrossRefGoogle Scholar

NCAA. Concussion educational resources. secondary concussion educational resources. 2017 www.ncaa.org/sport-science-institute/concussion-educational-resources 
Google Scholar

United Soccer Coaches. Get aHEAD safely in soccer online diploma course. secondary Get aHEAD safely in Soccer Online Diploma Course. 2017 https://unitedsoccercoaches.org/heading 
Google Scholar

U.S USSoccer. Soccer recognize 2 recover concussion guidelines secondary U.S. 2017 https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/12/02/20/59/151202-us-soccer-announces-recognize-to-recover-player-health-and-safety-program 
Google Scholar


Mihalik JP , 
Lynall RC , 
Wasserman EB , et al 

. Evaluating the "threshold theory": can head impact indicators help? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017;49:247–53.doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001089 
PubMedGoogle Scholar


Caccese JB , 
Lamond LC , 
Buckley TA , et al 

. Reducing purposeful headers from goal kicks and punts may reduce cumulative exposure to head acceleration. Res Sports Med 2016;24:407–15.doi:10.1080/15438627.2016.1230549 
Google Scholar


Mihalik JP , 
Guskiewicz KM , 
Marshall SW , et al 

. Does cervical muscle strength in youth ice hockey players affect head impact biomechanics? Clin J Sport Med 2011;21:416–21.doi:10.1097/JSM.0B013E31822C8A5C 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Schmidt JD , 
Guskiewicz KM , 
Blackburn JT , et al 

. The influence of cervical muscle characteristics on head impact biomechanics in football. Am J Sports Med 2014;42:2056–66.doi:10.1177/0363546514536685 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Dezman ZD , 
Ledet EH , 
Kerr HA 

. Neck strength imbalance correlates with increased head acceleration in soccer heading. Sports Health 2013;5:320–6.doi:10.1177/1941738113480935 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Bretzin AC , 
Mansell JL , 
Tierney RT , et al 

. Sex differences in anthropometrics and heading kinematics among division i soccer athletes. Sports Health 2017;9:168–73.doi:10.1177/1941738116678615 
Google Scholar


Caccese JB , 
Buckley TA , 
Tierney RT , et al 

. Head and neck size and neck strength predict linear and rotational acceleration during purposeful soccer heading. Sports Biomech 2018;17:462–76.doi:10.1080/14763141.2017.1360385 
Google Scholar


Conley MS , 
Stone MH , 
Nimmons M , et al 

. Specificity of resistance training responses in neck muscle size and strength. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997;75:443–8.doi:10.1007/s004210050186 
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Conley MS , 
Stone MH , 
Nimmons M , et al 

. Resistance training and human cervical muscle recruitment plasticity. J Appl Physiol 1997;83:2105–11.doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.2105 
PubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Geary K , 
Green BS , 
Delahunt E 

. Effects of neck strength training on isometric neck strength in rugby union players. Clin J Sport Med 2014;24:502–8.doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000071 
Google Scholar


Mansell J , 
Tierney RT , 
Sitler MR , et al 

. Resistance training and head-neck segment dynamic stabilization in male and female collegiate soccer players. J Athl Train 2005;40:310–9.
PubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar


Collins CL , 
Fletcher EN , 
Fields SK , et al 

. Neck strength: a protective factor reducing risk for concussion in high school sports. J Prim Prev 2014;35:309–19.doi:10.1007/s10935-014-0355-2 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Beaudouin F , 
Aus der Fünten K , 
Tröß T , et al 

. Match situations leading to head injuries in professional male football (soccer)-a video-based analysis over 12 years. Clin J Sport Med 2018:1.doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000572 
Google Scholar


Bible F 

. Soccer ball sizes. secondary soccer ball sizes. 2014 https://www.football-bible.com/soccer-info/soccer-ball-sizes.html 
Google Scholar


Caccese JB , 
Kaminski TW 

. Minimizing head acceleration in soccer: a review of the literature. Sports Med 2016;46:1591–604.doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0544-7 
Google Scholar


Kroshus E , 
Babkes Stellino M , 
Chrisman SPD , et al 

. Threat, pressure, and communication about concussion safety: implications for parent concussion education. Health Educ Behav 2018;45:254–61.doi:10.1177/1090198117715669 
Google Scholar


Kroshus E , 
Baugh CM 

. Concussion education in U.S. Collegiate Sport: what is happening and what do athletes want?Health Educ Behav 2016;43:182–90.doi:10.1177/1090198115599380 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar


Kroshus E , 
Rivara FP , 
Whitlock KB , et al 

. Disparities in athletic trainer staffing in secondary school sport: implications for concussion identification. Clin J Sport Med 2017;27:542–7.doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000409 
Google Scholar


Schneider KJ , 
Leddy JJ , 
Guskiewicz KM , et al 

. Rest and treatment/rehabilitation following sport-related concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2017;51:930–4.doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-097475 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar

Powell JW , 
Barber-Foss KD 

. Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. JAMA 1999;282:958–63.doi:10.1001/jama.282.10.958 
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

Schulz MR , 
Marshall SW , 
Mueller FO , et al 

. Traumatic brain injury in high school athletes. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160:937.
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

Gessel LM , 
Fields SK , 
Collins CL , et al 

. Concussions among United States high school and collegiate athletes. J Athl Train2007;42:495–503.
PubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

O’Connor KL , 
Baker MM , 
Dalton SL , et al 

. Epidemiology of sport-related concussions in high school athletes: national athletic treatment, injury and outcomes network (NATION), 2011-2012 Through 2013-2014. J Athl Train 2017;52:175–85.doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.15 
PubMedGoogle Scholar

Covassin T , 
Swanik CB , 
Sachs ML 

. Sex Differences and the incidence of concussions among collegiate athletes. J Athl Train2003;38:238–44.
PubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

Agel J , 
Evans TA , 
Dick R , et al 

. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men’s soccer injuries: national collegiate athletic association injury surveillance system, 1988-1989 through 2002-2003. J Athl Train 2007;42:270–7.
PubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

Dick R , 
Putukian M , 
Agel J , et al 

. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate women’s soccer injuries: national collegiate athletic association injury surveillance system, 1988-1989 through 2002-2003. J Athl Train 2007;42:278–85.
PubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

Chandran A , 
Barron MJ , 
Westerman BJ , et al 

. Multifactorial examination of sex-differences in head injuries and concussions among collegiate soccer players: NCAA ISS, 2004-2009. Inj Epidemiol 2017;4:28.doi:10.1186/s40621-017-0127-6 
Google Scholar

Fuller CW , 
Dick RW , 
Corlette J , et al 

. Comparison of the incidence, nature and cause of injuries sustained on grass and new generation artificial turf by male and female football players. Part 2: training injuries. Br J Sports Med 2007;41 Suppl 1:i27–i32.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.037275 
Google Scholar

Fuller CW , 
Dick RW , 
Corlette J , et al 

. Comparison of the incidence, nature and cause of injuries sustained on grass and new generation artificial turf by male and female football players. Part 1: match injuries. Br J Sports Med 2007;41 Suppl 1:i20–i26.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.037267 
Google Scholar

Kerr ZY , 
Roos KG , 
Djoko A , et al 

. Epidemiologic measures for quantifying the incidence of concussion in national collegiate athletic association sports. J Athl Train 2017;52:167–74.doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.6.05 
Google Scholar

Waldén M , 
Hägglund M , 
Ekstrand J 

. Injuries in Swedish elite football-a prospective study on injury definitions, risk for injury and injury pattern during 2001. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2005;15:118–25.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00393.x 
CrossRefPubMedWeb of ScienceGoogle Scholar

Waldén M , 
Hägglund M , 
Orchard J , et al 

. Regional differences in injury incidence in European professional football. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2013;23:424–30.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01409.x 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Junge A , 
Dvorak J , 
Graf-Baumann T 

. Football Injuries during the world cup 2002. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:23–7.doi:10.1177/0363546503261246 
CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junge A , 
Dvorak J , 
Graf-Baumann T , et al 

. Football injuries during FIFA tournaments and the Olympic Games, 1998-2001: development and implementation of an injury-reporting system. Am J Sports Med 2004;32:80S–9.doi:10.1177/0363546503261245 
CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar

Dvorak J , 
Junge A , 
Grimm K , et al 

. Medical report from the 2006 FIFA world cup Germany. Br J Sports Med 2007;41:578–81.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.034579 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar

Junge A , 
Dvorak J 

. Injuries in female football players in top-level international tournaments. Br J Sports Med 2007;41 Suppl 1:i3–i7.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.036020 
Google Scholar

Dvorak J , 
Junge A , 
Derman W , et al 

. Injuries and illnesses of football players during the 2010 FIFA world cup. Br J Sports Med2011;45:626–30.doi:10.1136/bjsm.2010.079905 
Abstract/FREE Full TextGoogle Scholar

Acessar