A Retirada Desportiva: Uma Revisão Sistemática

A retirada desportiva pode ser entendida como um processo de reconstrução pessoal, no qual, costumeiramente, os atletas enfrentam dificuldades, crises e até mesmo alívio. Por ser um processo multifacetado e complexo, a literatura tem explorado cada vez mais o tema, estabelecendo relações e tentando encontrar um caminho menos traumático nes-sa transição para fora do desporto. Partindo da necessidade de sistematizar o que tem sido descoberto, a fim de facilitar novas pesquisas, bem como encontrar novas lacunas, o objetivo dessa revisão sistemática foi identificar o estado do conhecimento sobre a tran-sição de carreira para a retirada atlética de atletas, analisando o desenho do estudo e características da amostra, as variáveis psicológicas associadas à qualidade da transi-ção e os recursos psicossociais disponíveis durante a transição. Depois de uma busca nas principais plataformas científicas, foram encontrados 70 artigos que observavam todos os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os resultados indicaram uma predominância de métodos de pesquisa transversais e qualitativos, recorrendo predominantemente à entrevista comométodo de recolha de dados; foram encontrados poucos estudos longitudinais e prospecti-vos. As amostras eram constituídas predominantemente por ex-atletas do sexo masculino ou combinando os dois sexos, havendo poucas investigações apenas com mulheres ou com outros agentes desportivos ou outras pessoas ligadas aos atletas. Adicionalmente, a maioria dos estudos explorou a associação entre a qualidade da transição e a identida-de atlética, as lesões e as consequências psicológicas, emocionais, sociais e físicas da retirada. No que respeita aos recursos disponíveis aos atletas no momento da transição, evidenciaram-se as estratégias de enfrentamento, o planejamento e preparação para a re-tirada, o suporte psicossocial e programas de suporte. As questões ligadas ao modo como as aprendizagens do desporto podem ser transferidas para outros contextos de vida são ainda incipientes e deverão ser alvo de mais investigação.

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