Educação Física: Uma Disciplina, Diferentes Perspetivas. Implicações Práticas

O presente artigo procura sistematizar as diferentes perspetivas que podem ser adotadas pelos professores de Educação Física, considerando as suas crenças face à identidade e função que esta disciplina deve desempenhar na educação dos alunos, no sentido de esclarecer o que é um aluno bem educado “fisicamente”.

Estas perspetivas surgem de um conjunto de alterações ideológicas nas práticas discursivas da Educação Física e dividem-se em três modelos: modelo biomédico, que entende a Educação Física enquanto agente promotor de saúde, modelo desportivo, que preconiza que esta disciplina deve desenvolver competências desportivas individuais nos alunos e o modelo educacional, que entende a Educação Física como uma disciplina que deve assumir uma abordagem crítica no processo de socialização dos alunos, educando-os no sentido da aquisição de competências físicas, sociais e morais que se perpetuem durante toda a sua vida.

A abordagem a cada uma destas perspetivas será acompanhada das implicações práticas e pedagógicas que cada uma delas poderá ter no ensino da disciplina.

BIBLIOGRAFIA
ANDERSON, L. H., MARTINSON, B. C., CRAIN, A. L., PRONK, N. P., WHITEBIRD, R. R., O’’CONNOR, P. J., &
FINE, L. J. (2005). Health care charges associated with physical inactivity, overweight, and obesity. Prev Chronic Dis, 2(4), A09.
ARMSTRONG, N., WELSMAN, J. R., & KIRBY, B. J. (2000). Longitudinal changes in 11 -13 -year -olds’ physical activity. Acta Paediatr, 89(7), 775 -780.
BIDDLE, S. (2001). Enhancing motivation in Physical Education. In G. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise (pp. 101 -127). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
BOUCHARD, C., SHEPHARD, R., STEPHENS, T., SUTTON, J., & MCPHERSON, B. (1990). Exercise, fitness, and health: the consensus statement. In C. Bouchard, R. Shephard, T. Stephens, J. Sutton & B. McPherson (Eds.), Exercise, Fitness, and Health (pp. 3 -28). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
CALE, L., & HARRIS, J. (2006). School -based physical activity interventions: effectiveness, trends, issues, implications and recommendations for practice. Sport, Education and society, 11(4), 401 -420.
Boletim SPEF n.º 36, pp. 63-72, 2012
CARREIRO DA COSTA, F. (2005). Changing the curriculum does not mean changing practices at school: the impact of teachers’ beliefs on curriculum implementation. In F. Carreiro da Costa, M. Cloes & M. Valeiro (Eds.), The Art and Scienceof Teaching in Physical Education and Sport (pp. 257 -277). Lisboa: Faculdade de Motricidade Humana.
CARREIRO DA COSTA, F., & MARQUES, A. (2011). Promoting active and healthy lifestyle at school: views of students, teachers, and parents in Portugal. In K. Hardman & K. Green (Eds.), Contemporary issues in Physical Education (pp. 249 -268). Mainhead: Meyer & Meyer Sport.
CAVILL, N., BIDDLE, S., & SALLIS, J. (2011). Health enhancing physical activity for young people: statement of the United Kingdom expert consensus conference. Pediatric Exercise Science, 13(1), 12 -25.
CRUM, B. (1993). A critical review of competing PE concepts. In J. Mester (Ed.), Sport sciences in Europe 1993. Current and future perspectives (pp. 516 -533). Aachen: Meyer and Meyer Verlag.
CURTNER -SMITH, M. (1999). The more things change the more they say the same: Factors infl uencing teachers’ interpretations and delivery of National Curriculum Physical Education. Sport, Education and Society, 4(1), 75 -97.
DALE, D., CORBIN, C., & CUDDIHY, T. (1998). Can conceptual Physical Education promote physically active lifestyle?. Pediatric Exercise Science, 10(2), 97 -109.
DISHMAN, R. K., MOTL, R. W., SAUNDERS, R., FELTON, G., WARD, D. S., DOWDA, M., & PATE, R. R. (2004). Self -effi cacy partially mediates the effect of a school -based physical -activity intervention among adolescent girls. Prev Med, 38(5), 628 -636.
EVERHART, B., KERNODLE, M., BALLARD, K., MCKEY, C., EASON, B., & WEEKS, M. (2005). Physical activity patterns of college students with and without high school physical education. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100, 1114 -1120.
EZZATI, M., LOPEZ, A. D., RODGERS, A., VANDER HOORN, S., & MURRAY, C. J. (2002). Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease. Lancet, 360(9343), 1347 -1360.
FAIRCLOUGH, S., & STRATTON, G. (2005). Improving helath -enhancing physical activity in girls’ Physical Education. Health Educational Research, 20(4), 448 -457.
FREEDSON, P., & ROWLAND, T. (1992). Youth activity versus youth fi tness: let’s redirect our efforts. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63(2), 133 -136.
HARDMAN, K. (2009). A review of the global situation of Physical Education in schools. International Journal of Physical Education, 46(3), 2 -21.
HARRIS, J., & CALE, L. (1997). Activity promotion in Physical Education. European Physical Education Review, 3(1), 58 -67.
HAYWOOD, K. (1991). The role of Physical Education in the development of active lifestyles. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport,, 62(2), 151 -156.
JAMES, P. T. (2004). Obesity: the worldwide epidemic. Clin Dermatol, 22(4), 276 -280.
JOHNS, D. (2005). Recontextualizing and delivering the biomedical model as a Physical Education curriculum. Sport, Education and Society, 10(1), 69 -84.
JOHNS, D., & TINNING, R. (2006). Risk Reduction: recontextualizing health as a Physical Education curriculum. Quest, 58(4), 395 -409.
KIRK, D. (2004). Framing quality physical education: The elite sport model ar Sport Education? Physical Education and Sport Education, 9(2), 185 -195.
KIRK, D. (2006). Sport education, critical pedagogy, and learning theory: toward an intrinsic justifi cation for Physical Education and youth sport. Quest, 58(255 -264).
LOPEZ, A. D., MATHERS, C. D., EZZATI, M., JAMISON, D. T., & MURRAY, C. J. (2006). Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet, 367(9524), 1747 -1757.
MARQUES, A. (2010). A escola, a Educação Física e a promoção de estilos de vida activa e saudável: Estudo de um caso. (Tese de Doutoramento), Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisboa.
NASPE. (2004). Moving into the future: National standards for physical education Reston, VA: National Association for Sport and Physical Education.
PAFFENBARGER, R. S., JR., HYDE, R. T., WING, A. L., & HSIEH, C. C. (1986). Physical activity, all -cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med, 314(10), 605-613.
PATE, R. R., DAVIS, M. G., ROBINSON, T. N., STONE, E. J., MCKENZIE, T. L., & YOUNG, J. C. (2006). Promoting physical activity in children and youth: a leadership role for schools: a scientifi c statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Physical Activity Committee) in collaboration with the Councils on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young and Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation, 114(11), 1214 -1224.
PENNEY, D., CLARKE, G., & KINCHIN, G. (2002). Developing Physical Education as a ‘connective specialism’: is sport education the answer. Sport, Education and Society, 7(1), 55 -64.
SPEF 2012 (36) 3ª PROVA.indd 71 18-06-2012 13:04:07 72
RANKINEN, T., & BOUCHARD, C. (2002). Dose -response issues concerning the relations between regular physical activity and health. President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. Research Digest, 3(18), 1 -8.
SALLIS, J., & MCKENZIE, T. (1991). Physical Education’s role in public health. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62(2), 124 -137.
SALLIS, J., SIMONS -MORTON, B., STONE, E., CORBIN, C., EPSTEIN, L., FAUCETTE, N.,... et al. (1992). Determinants of physical activity and interventions in youth. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 24(6 Suppl), S248 -257.
SHEPHARD, R. (2005). The obesity epidemic: a challenge to pediatric work physiologists? Pediatric Exercise Science, 17(1), 3 -17.
SHEPHARD, R., & TRUDEAU, F. (2000). The legacy of Physical Education: infl uences on adult lifestyle. Pediatric Exercise Science, 12(1), 34 -50.
SIEDENTOP, D. (1994). Sport education: Quality P.E. through positive sport experiences. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
SILVERMAN, S. (2005). Thinking long term: Physical Education’s role in movement and mobility. Quest, 57(1), 138--147.
SINELNIKOV, O., & HASTIE, P. (2010). Students’ autobiographical memory of participation in multiple sport education classes. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 29, 167 -183.
SPINATH, B., & SPINATH, F. (2005). Development of self -perceived ability in elementary school: the role of parents’ perceptions, teacher evaluation, and intelligence. Cognitive Development, 20, 190 -204.
TELAMA, R., YANG, X., LAAKSO, L., & VIIKARI, J. (1997). Physical activity in childhood and adolescence as predictor of physical activity in young adulthood. Am J Prev Med, 13(4), 317 -323.
TUOMILEHTO, J., LINDSTROM, J., ERIKSSON, J. G., VALLE, T. T., HAMALAINEN, H., ILANNE -PARIKKA, P.,...
UUSITUPA, M. (2001). Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med, 344(18), 1343 -1350.
TWISK, J. W. (2001). Physical activity guidelines for children and adolescents: a critical review. Sports Med, 31(8), 617 -627

Acessar