Estimation of the changes in the field hockey penalty stroke technique by using non-linear analysis

The butterfly effect suggests that even minute changes in the initial conditions of the technique can lead to vastly different outcomes. In the context of technique analysis, minor adjustments in a penalty stroke technique can ripple through the entire movement pattern, affecting variables such as speed, accuracy, and efficiency. These changes, though subtle, can be the difference between winning and losing in high-performance sports. The time series Lyapunov exponent is a non-linear measure to calculate the divergence rate. The Rosenstein algorithm was utilized to calculate the Lyapunov exponent for detecting small action changes. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the degree of variability in field hockey penalty stroke techniques using time series Lyapunov non-linear measurements.

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