Futebol

1. Metaxas, T., Mandroukas, A., Galazoulas, C., Riganas, C., Vamvakoudis, E., Stefanidis, P. & Christoulas, K. (2007). Pre-season isokinetic muscle strength performance between soccer and basketball players in different divisions (Muskelkraftleistung in der Vorbereitungsperiode von Fußballspielern und Basketballspielern verschiedener Spielklassen). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 613). Zugriff am 02.09.2009 unterhttps://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/1921.pdf
   

   Muscular strength is one of the most important components of soccer and basketball players, both for high performance and injury prevention (Magalhães et al., 2004; Zakas et. al., 1995). 336;berg et al. (1986) reported differences in concentric isokinetic peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles between the highest and the lowest Swedish soccer divisions and they concluded that high — level soccer players had a greater strength because training intensity increased with increasing playing category (Cometti et al., 2000).Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the differences in maximal voluntary peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles groups between Greek soccer and basketball players in different divisions before starting the preparation training season.One hundred soccer players (mean age 24.7±5.3 yrs; training age 13.3±5.0 yrs; height 1.78±0.06 m; body weight 75.1±7.2 kg) and 60 basketball players (mean age 22.5±3.6; training age 11.8 ± 3.6 yrs, height 1.91±0.08 m; weight 93.3±12.6 kg). All players were participated in Greek national leagues.Peak torque for quadriceps and hamstring was measured on a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer at 60 61655;s-1, 180 61655;s-1 and 300 61655;s-1. Three repetitions were carried out at each angular velocity and the best torque value was used. A 30 sec rest period was taken between each trial and a 60 sec rest period between each velocity measurement.Basketball players showed significantly higher peak torque values at 60osec-1 in hamstrings, for III (P<0.05) and IV division (P<0.05), but not for I and II. No significant differences were found in peak torque at angular velocity of 60osec-1, 180osec-1 and 300osec-1 within groups for basketball and soccer players, in quadriceps and hamstrings muscle groups, too. At angular velocity of 180 osec-1, hamstrings for basketball players were significantly stronger than soccer players, for I (P<0.01), III (P<0.05) and IV (P<0.05) division, but there was no significant difference between players for division II. However, at the angular velocity of 300 osec-1 of basketball players significantly stronger hamstrings compared to soccer players, for all divisions (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.001, P<0.001). Quadriceps peak torque do not differ between basketball and soccer players at the angular velocity of 60osec-1 and 180 osec- 1. Otherwise at 300 osec-1, peak torque for division II, found significantly higher for basketball than soccer players (P<0.01). No significant differences were found for division I, III and IV for the same variable. Similarly, H/Q peak torque ratio did not differ within and between groups of soccer and basketball players in all divisions and at any angular speed.In conclusion, our results concerning H/Q ratio suggest that the type of sport could influence the isokinetic strength profile. However, this investigation has revealed that professional soccer and basketball players differ from amateurs in terms of quadriceps and hamstring muscles strength. Finally, a higher level of muscle strength would be preferable in soccer and basketball play and would reduce the risk for injuries in maintenance and re-building training period. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17498)

2. Timon, R., Maynar, M., Olcina, G., Munoz, D., Caballero, M. J. & Maynar, J. I. (2007). Modification of urinary steroid profile in elite football players after a match (Modifikation des Steroidprofils im Urin nach einem Spiel bei Hochleistungsfußballspielern). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 677-678). Zugriff am 02.09.2009 unter https://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/1096.pdf
   

   It is now fully accepted that intense physical exercise provokes a situation of stress in the organism, even more in competitive situations, leading to a series of alterations at hormonal level. The hormone variations, however, will depend on the characteristics of the training and the work loads used (1). Urinary steroids evaluation may be a trustworthy and non invasive method to study physiological hormonal adaptations to physical exercise and, therefore, it may constitute a greater point of reference on training and competition evaluation, as some results have already been suggested (2). The aim of the present study is to asses the effect of a football match on urine androgen and corticosteroid profile.Ten professional football players (age: 26.3 ± 1.3) were recruited from a Spanish 2nd division league team with the following anthropometric data: 177.92 ± 12.2 cm height. 75.34 ± 8.22 kg weight. 48.10 ± 2.23 body muscular percentage. 10.59 ± 1.12 body fat percentage and 17.20 ± 1.31 body bone percentage). Urine samples were collected for each subject before and after the match and were assayed for androgens (3) and corticosteroids (4) by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. A significant (p< 0.05 in all cases) increase in urinary androgens and corticosteroids after the match was found in the following steroids measurements: testosterone (66.50 ± 39.21 ng/ml vs 104.00 ± 54.89 ng/ml), epitestosterone (29.24 ± 16.31 ng/ml vs 47.55 ± 25.57 ng/ml), androsterone (1208.54 ± 511.18 ng/ml vs 2254.24 ± 1377.60 ng/ml), etiocholanolone (1122.57 ± 569.89 ng/ml vs 1987.64 ± 413.33 ng/ml), DHEA (15.81 ± 6,06 ng/ml vs 44.63 ± 30.49 ng/ml), tetrahydrocortisone (1394.24 ± 239.58 ng/ml vs 2631.22 ± 340.63 ng/ml) tetrahydrocortisol (1155.06 ± 323.95 ng/ml vs 2619.07 ± 410.71 ng/ml). These results would suggest that, after a football match, the players were in a remarkable catabolic and weariness state. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17514)

3. Katis, A. & Kellis, E. (2009). Effects of small-sided games on physical conditioning and performance in young soccer players (Effekte von Kleinfeldspielen auf die Konditionierung und Leistung von jungen Fußballspielern). J. Sports Sci. & Med., 8 (3), 374-380. Zugriff am 03.09.2009 unter http://www.jssm.org/vol8/n3/9/v8n3-9abst.php
   

   The purpose of this study was to examine, first, the movement actions performed during two different small-sided games and, second, their effects on a series of field endurance and technical tests. Thirty-four young soccer players (age: 13 ± 0.9 yrs; body mass: 62.3 ± 15.1 kg; height: 1.65 ± 0.06 m) participated in the study. Small-sided games included three-a-side (3 versus 3 players) and six-a-side (6 versus 6 players) games consisting of 10 bouts of 4 min duration with 3 min active recovery between bouts. Soccer player performance was evaluated using five field tests: a) 30m sprint, b) throw-in for distance, c) Illinois Agility Test, d) dribbling the ball and e) horizontal jump before, in the middle and after the implementation of both game situations. Heart rate was monitored during the entire testing session. Each game was also filmed to measure soccer movements within the game. The ANOVA analysis indicated that the three-a- side games displayed significantly higher heart rate values compared with the six-a-side games (p < 0.05). The number of short passes, kicks, tackles, dribbles and scoring goals were significantly higher during the three-a-side compared with the six-a-side game condition (p < 0. 05) while players performed more long passes and headed the ball more often during the six-a-side (p < 0.05). After the three-a-side games, there was a significant decline in sprint and agility performance (p < 0.05), while after both game conditions significant alterations in the throw-in and the horizontal jump performance were observed (p < 0.05). The results of the present study indicated that three-a-side games provide higher stimulus for physical conditioning and technical improvement than six-a-side games and their use for training young soccer players is recommended. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17532)

4. Ristolainen, L., Heinonen, A., Waller, B., Kujala, U. M. & Kettunen, J. A.(2009). Gender differences in sport injury risk and types of injuries: A retrospective twelve-month study on cross-country skiers, swimmers, long-distance runners and soccer players (Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei Risiken von Sportverletzungen und Verletzungstypen: Eine retrospektive 12-Monatsstudie mit Skilangläufern, Schwimmern, Langstreckenläufern und Fußballspielern). J. Sports Sci. & Med., 8 (3), 443-451. Zugriff am 03.09.2009 unter http://www.jssm.org/vol8/n3/18/v8n3-18abst.php
   

   This twelve months survey compared injury risk and injury types by genders (312 females, 262 males) in 15- to 35-year-old cross-country skiers, swimmers, long- distance runners and soccer players. More male than female athletes reported at least one acute injury (44% vs. 35%, p < 0.05), and more male than female runners reported at least one overuse injury (69% vs. 51%, p < 0.05). When the incidence of acute and overuse injuries both separately and combined was calculated per 1000 training hours, per 1000 competition hours and all exposure hours combined we found no gender differences in either of these comparisons. After adjustment for sport event males were at increased risk for posterior thigh overuse injuries compared to females (relative risk (RR) 5.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3 to 26.4, p < 0.05) while females were at increased risk for overuse injuries in the ankle compared to males (RR 3.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 9.3, p < 0.05). After adjustment for exposure time (injuries/1000 exposure hours) significance of the difference between the sexes in overuse injury to the ankle persisted (female 0.11 vs. male 0.02 injuries/1000 exposure hours, p < 0.05). Six athletes had an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, of whom four were female soccer players. After combining all reported acute and overuse ankle and knee injuries, the proportion of athletes with such injury was higher in the female compared to male soccer players (75% and 54% respectively; p < 0.05), but no difference was found in such injuries when calculated per 1000 exposure hours. In conclusion, we found some gender differences in sport-related injuries, but most of these differences seemed to be explained at least in part by differences in the amount of training. (Mikrofiche-Nummer:17536)

5. Figueiredo, A. J., Gonçalves, C. E., Coelho e Silva, M. J. & Malina, R. M.(2009). Characteristics of youth soccer players who drop out, persist or move up (Charakteristika junger Fußballspieler, die ihre Laufbahn beenden, dabeibleiben oder Karriere machen). J. Sports Sci., 27 (9), 883-891. Zugriff am 04.09.2009 unter http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a913338279
   

   In this study, we compared the growth, maturity status, functional capacity, sport-specific skill, and goal orientation of 159 male soccer players, aged 11-12 (n = 87) and 13-14 years (n = 72) years, who at follow-up 2 years later discontinued participation (dropout), continued at the same standard (club) or moved to a higher level (elite). Age group-specific multivariate analysis of variance was used for comparisons. Among 11- to 12-year-old players at baseline, a gradient of elite > club > dropout was suggested for size and function, although differences were not consistently significant. Elite players performed significantly better in only two of the four skills, dribbling and ball control. A gradient of elite > club > dropout was more clearly defined among 13- to 14-year-old players at baseline. Elite players were older chronologically and skeletally, larger in body size and performed better in functional capacities and three skill tests than club players and dropouts. Baseline task and ego orientation did not differ among dropouts and club and elite players at follow-up in either age group. The results suggest an important role for growth and maturity status, functional capacities, and sport-specific skills as factors in attrition, persistence, and moving up in youth soccer. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17672)

6. Abt, G. & Lovell, R. (2009). The use of individualized speed and intensity thresholds for determining the distance run at high-intensity in professional soccer (Die Nutzung individueller Geschwindigkeits- und Intensitätsschwellen zur Bestimmung des Distanzlaufs bei hoher Intensität bei Profifußballern). J. Sports Sci., 27 (9), 893-898. Zugriff am 04.09.2009 unter http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a913335466
   

   As with other match analysis systems, ProZone® uses an absolute speed threshold to identify running speeds at “high-intensity”. In this study, we examined the use of an individualized high-intensity speed threshold based on the speed at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2speed) for assessment of the distance run at high-intensity during matches. Ten professional soccer players completed a maximal treadmill test to determine VT2speed. Match data were identified by means of the ProZone® match analysis system. The distances run at high-intensity during matches were calculated using the default value (19.8 km/h) and VT2speed. Differences between VT2speed and the default were analysed using a non-parametric median sign test. The distances run at high-intensity were compared with a paired t-test. The median VT2speed was 15 km/h (range 14-16 km/h), which was less than the default (P < 0.01). Mean distance un at high-intensity based on the default and VT2speed was 845 m (s = 296) and 2258 m (s = 707), respectively [mean difference 1413 m; P < 0.001 (95% CI: 1037-1789 m)]. The high-intensity running speeds based on the second ventilatory threshold are substantially less than that used as the default within the ProZone® match analysis system, thus the distance run at high-intensity can be substantially underestimated. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17673)

7. Aragon-Vargas, L. F., Moncada-Jimenez, J., Hernandez-Elizondo, J., Barrenechea, A. & Monge-Alvarado, M. (2009). Evaluation of pre-game hydration status, heat stress, and fluid balance during professional soccer competition in the heat (Bewertung des Hydrationsstatus vor dem Spiel, Hitzestress und Flüssigkeitsgleichgewicht während Profi-Fußballspielen unter Hitzebedingungen). Eur. J. Sport Sci., 9 (5), 269-276. Zugriff am 07.09.2009 unter http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a914152097
   

   In this study, we assessed initial hydration status (stadium arrival urine specific gravity), fluid balance (pre- and post-game nude body weight, fluid intake, urine collection), and core temperature changes (pre-game, half-time, post-game) during a professional soccer game. We monitored 17 male players (including goalkeepers) between arrival at the stadium and the end of the game (3 h), playing at 34.9°C and 35.4% relative humidity, for an average wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) heat stress index of 31.9°C. Data are reported as mean±standard deviation (range). Initial urine specific gravity was 1.018±0.008 (1.003-1.036); seven players showed urine specific gravity = 1.020. Over the 3 h, body mass loss was 2.58±0.88 kg (1.08-4.17 kg), a dehydration of 3.38±1.11% body mass (1.68-5.34% body mass). Sweat loss was 4448±1216 ml (2950-6224 ml) versus a fluid intake of 1948±954 ml (655-4288 ml). Despite methodological problems with many players, core temperatures = 39.0°C were registered in four players by half-time, and in nine players by the end of the game. Many of these players incurred significant dehydration during the game, compounded by initial hypohydration; thermoregulation may have been impaired to an extent we were unable to measure accurately. We suggest some new recommendations for soccer players training and competing in the heat to help them avoid substantial dehydration. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17686)

Para comentar, é necessário ser cadastrado no CEV fazer parte dessa comunidade.