Futebol

1. Calleja, J. (2007). Physiological conditioning evolution during the season of Atletico Madrid B women soccer team (Entwicklung der physiologischen Konditionierung im Saisonverlauf der Frauen-B-Mannschaft von Atletico Madrid). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 469). Zugriff am 26.08.2009 unterhttps://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/1259.pdf
   

   During the last years, scientific studies have shown a descriptive analysis of physiological (Tamer et al. 1997) and morphological characteristics (Can, Yilmaz & Erden, 2004) of elite soccer women players, during specific periods of training (Jensen & Larsson, 1998). But there is not scientific evidence with medium level women players during a regular season. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the performance of the players of Atletico Madrid B women’s team during the 2005/2006 season and to value is it possible the modification and evolution throughout the season as a result of the training process. Materials and Methods. Twelve female players (mean± sd; age=16.6±124 yr; weight=577±9.6 kg; height=1.60±0.06 cm) volunteered for this study. Body Mass Index (BMI) and percentage of body fat was measured by Faulkner ecuation( 4). Test items included agility (Test de Barow), speed (10 m, 20 m , 30 m), flexibility (Sit & Reach) and strength (Abalakov test and Countermovement jump test) during three different moments of the season: preparatory period, competitive period and transitory period. Results. A significant change in the values of BMI nor in the percentage of corporal fat throughout season was not observed. The statistical analysis showed the progressive improvement in the performance of the players in all the test made except in the speed test (10 m). Conclusion. The main finding of our study described the progressive improvement in the performance of all the capacities but the BMI and the corporal fat not presented significant changes during the season. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17419)

2. Ferrari Bravo, D., Rampini, E. & Impellizzeri, F. M. (2007). Seasonal variations, competitive level and playing positions differences in a soccer-specific repeated sprint ability (RSA) test (Unterschiede im Saisonverlauf, hinsichtlich der Leistungsfähigkeit und der Spielposition bei einem fußballspezifischen Test (RSA) mit Mehrfachsprints). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 469-470). Zugriff am 26.08.2009 unterhttps://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/1806.pdf
   

   Soccer matches require players to repeatedly generate maximal sprints of few seconds interspersed by brief recovery periods with acceleration and deceleration phases. The ability to maintain high power or running speed over a series of sprints (repeated-sprint ability, RSA) has received attention from many researchers and recent studies have shown that a RSA soccer-specific test is correlated to high intensity activity during match play(1), have a good reliability( 2) and is sensitive to specific training(3). The aims of this study were to examine 1) seasonal variations of test scores in top-level professional soccer players, 2) differences in test scores according to playing positions, and 3) differences in test scores according to competitive level. 30 top-level (TOP), 45 professional (PRO), and 33 amateur (AM) soccer players were involved in the study. The RSA test consist in 6x20-m+20-m shuttle run sprints with 20 s of recovery. The mean time over the six runs was used as test score. A two-way ANOVA was used for determining the differences between the four different playing positions (central defenders (CD) N=35; external defenders and midfielders (EX) N=21; central midfielders (CC) N=31; forwards (FW) N=21) and the three competitive levels (TOP, PRO, and AM). A one-way ANOVA was used for calculating the seasonal variations in 18 top-level soccer players that performed the test four times: July (pre-season), September (start-season), and two time during the competitive season (November and March, in-season). No significant interaction (playing position x competitive level) was found. However, significant main effect (p=0.034) for playing position analysis was found. The RSA mean time was significantly lower in EX than CD (7.20 ± 0.27 sec vs 7.38 ± 0.29 sec; p=0.008). No other significant differences were found. Significant main effect (p=0.000) for competitive level analysis was found. The RSA mean time was significantly lower in TOP and PRO than AM (7.12 ± 0.17 and 7.20 ± 0.19 sec vs 7.55 ± 0.24 sec; p=0.000); no difference was found between the two groups of professional players (p=0.265). The RSA test scores changed during the season (p=0.000). The pre-season values (7.33 ± 0.13 sec) were significantly higher than the other periods (p=0.000). The mean time was significantly lower at the start season (September: 7.15 ± 0.16 sec) than July (7.33 ± 0.13 sec), November (7.21 ± 0.16 sec)(p=0.022), but not March (7.19 ± 0.13 sec)(p=0.333). This study demonstrates that RSA is able to differentiate playing positions and competitive levels in soccer players. In addition, variations in RSA performance were observed during the season suggesting its sensitivity to traininginduced changes. This study represent a further validation of this test in soccer (1, 2) (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17420)

3. Lehto, H., Vänttinen, T., Blomqvist, M. & Häkkinen, K. (2007).Neuromuscular factors and Yo-Yo endurance test performance in Finnish young and adult football players (Neuromuskuläre Faktoren und Leistung im Yo-Yo-Ausdauertest von jungen und erwachsenen finnischen Fußballspielern). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 473). Zugriff am 26.08.2009 unter https://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/2471.pdf
   

   Yo-yo fitness tests have been commonly used in football to measure endurance performance and also to estimate players’ aerobic capacity (VO2max). To date, some studies have been carried out with adult football players to compare field test results to measured aerobic fitness factors such as VO2max [e.g. 1,2]. The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between estimated and measured VO2max in young and adult Finnish football players and to find out if neuromuscular factors are related to the performance in the Yo-yo Endurance Test in different age groups. METHODSThe subjects of this study were 11 (11y) (height 1.48 ± 0.07 m, weight 36.9 ± 5.0 kg, body fat 12.0 ± 4.2 %, n=12) and 15 (15 y) (1.71 ± 0.07 m, 59.6 ± 10.6 kg, 8.5 ± 4.1 % , n=9) years old male football players and adult male players (A) (1.77 ± 0.06 m, 75.4 ± 6.7 kg, 12.4 ± 2.5 %, n=14). VO2max (ml/kg/min) was measured on a treadmill. The Yoyo Endurance Test Level 1 (20-m shuttle run test) was used to estimate VO2max. Speed tests (10-m and 30-m sprints measured with photocells) and Counter Movement Jump (CMJ) were used as neuromuscular factors. Pearson Correlation was used to evaluate relationships between variables.RESULTSDistance covered in the Yo-yo test and the corresponding predicted VO2max, measured VO2max, CMJ, 10 m sprint and 30 m sprint in the different groups were 1886 ± 263 m/48.7 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min, 46.0 ± 4.8 ml/kg/min, 0.29 ± 0.05 m, 2.01 ± 0.10 s, 5.12 ± 0.24 s in 11y; 2376 ± 308 m/55.8 ± 4.3 ml/kg/min, 49.0 ± 3.8 ml/kg/min, 0.38 ± 0.03 m, 1.82 ± 0.10 s, 4.44 ± 0.23 s in 15y and 2451 ± 269 m/56.8 ± 3.8 ml/kg/min, 55.1 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min, 0.43 ± 0.04 m, 1.70 ± 0.06 s and 4.12 ± 0.13 s in A. A significant (p8804; 0.01) correlation was found in the 15 y between the distance covered in the Yo-yo test (predicted VO2max) and 10-m (r = -0.847) and 30-m (r = -0.822) sprint times. DISCUSSIONThe results of this study revealed, in contrast to previous findings [2], that the estimated VO2max- values were higher than the measured VO2max in all groups. Furthermore, the present subjects VO2max could not be reliably estimated based on the Yo-yo test results. The established correlation between the sprint times and Yo-yo test results in 15y imply that in addition to aerobic capacity neuromuscular factors seem to affect their performance in the Yo-yo test. Especially this seems to be the case in this type of heterogeneous group, in which maturation varied greatly. In addition, the absence of the relationship between predicted and measured VO2max in all age groups suggests that the Yo-yo Endurance Test could be more suitable to measure endurance performance (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17425)

4. Valamatos, M. J., Charrua, C. & Gomes-Perreira, J.,Mil-Homens Santos, P.(2007). Aerobic fitness in young soccer players: The Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test as indicator of aerobic power and anaerobic threshold (Aerobe Fitness junger Fußballspieler: Der intermittierende Yo-Yo-Ausdauertest als Indikator für die aerobe Leistung und die anerobe Schwelle). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 473-474). Zugriff am 26.08.2009 unter https://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/2189.pdf
   

   It has been demonstrated that soccer performance requires well-developed aerobic and anaerobic fitness. Consequently, the assessment of the VO2max and anaerobic threshold is important for monitoring the effectiveness of the physical training program of the soccer players. These aerobic fitness measurements are accurately evaluated using a variety of laboratory protocols during treadmill continuous running until exhaustion. However, the soccer performance is characterized by an intermittent and highintensity physical effort. Therefore, it seems logical to evaluate the athletes’ capacity with sport-specific endurance tests. For this reason, some field tests have been proposed as practical and specific alternatives to laboratory assessments. One of the most popular is the Yo-yo Intermittent Endurance Test Level 2 (YIET-2), suggested by Bangsbo (1994) for well-trained subjects. The purpose of this study was to analyse the YIET-2 as indicator of aerobic power and anaerobic threshold in youth soccer players. Methods: Physiological responses were determined in eighteen welltrained elite young soccer players (age = 17.4 + 0,5 years old; body mass = 71.7 + 7.4 kg) while performing the Yoyo Intermittent Endurance Test (YIET) and a Progressive continuous Running Treadmill Test (PRTT) until exhaustion. Maximal heart rates (HRmax), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), O2 pulse, maximal ventilation (VEmax), oxygen uptake (VO2 ), and expired carbon dioxide (VCO2 ) were measured. Expired gases in both conditions were analyzed using a portable lightweight breath-by-breath gas analyzer (K4b2; Cosmed, Rome, Italy). The Ventilatory Threshold (VT) was detected by V-slope method. Paired-Samples T Test was used to determine if there were significant differences in the physiological responses in the PRTT and YIET. Correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship in the performances and selected physiological measures between tests. Results: Results showed that VO2max, HRmax, RER, O2 pulse, and VEmax were not significantly different between PRTT and YIET performance (p<0.05). There were a positive correlations in the measured VO2max in both PRTT and YIET (p<0.01). However, there no significant correlations between players’ performance in the YIET (i.e. number of completed shuttles or total distance covered) and the measured VO2max in both laboratory and in field conditions. In contrast, there were strong significant correlations between the same YIET performance and the ventilatory threshold measured in PRTT (p<0.01). These findings show that YIET and PRTT elicit similar cardio respiratory responses. However, the players’ performance in the YIET seems to be a weak indicator of aerobic power in youth well trained soccer players. Probably, the YIET can be considered an aerobic-anaerobic soccer-specific field test, and can be regarded as a good indicator of aerobic capacity. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17426)

5. Metaxas, T., Papaevaggelou, E., Riganas, C., Stefanidis, P., Vamvakudis, E. & Christoulas, K. (2007). Pre-season physiological profile of Greek soccer and basketball players in different divisions (Das physiologische Profil griechischer Fußball- und Basketballspieler aus verschiedenen Ligen in der Vorsaison). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 474). Zugriff am 26.08.2009 unter https://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/2103.pdf
   

   Soccer and basketball players need a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness before to start the re-building period (Casajús, 2001). However, the amount of emphasis placed on fitness training depends on several factors, such as the players’ competency in other areas of the game and the exercise intensity during training sessions which are not specifically designed to develop endurance fitness (Bangsbo, 1994; Metaxas et al., 2006).Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate cardiorespiratory performance among Greek soccer and basketball players in different divisions before starting the preparation training season. One hundred soccer (age 24.7±5.3yrs; and training experience 13.3±5.0yrs) and 60 basketball players (age 22.5±3.6yrs; and training experience 11.8±3.6yrs). All players participated in Greek national leagues and subjected according to the kind of sport and division. All participants underwent physical examination, including anthropometric measurements and body fat assessments with. An incremental exercise test was following on treadmill (LE 6000, Jeager) to determine time to exhaustion, anaerobic threshold (HRAT), maximal ventilation (VEmax), oxygen uptake (VO2max) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (Oxycon-Pro, Jeager, Wirzburg Germany). Unhaemolysed blood lactate (BLmax) was determined using an enzymatic lactate analyzer (Boehringer, Mannheim). Time to exhaustion and HRAT did not differ between and within the groups of basketball and soccer players. VO2max in absolute and relative values was significantly lower in division IV for soccer players compared to the other three divisions (3413.4±351.0vs3932.7±551.2, 4172.7±371.8, 4223.0±323.8mlmin-1;P<0.001; 46.93±4.20vs52.47±3.66, 54.86±3.80, 55.32±3.33mlkgmin-1;P<0.001). Among basketball players, division III showed significantly lower VO2max, in relative values, compared to division I (47.77±5.27vs51.29±4.08mlkgmin-1;P<0.05). However, basketball players presented significantly higher VO2max, in absolute values, compared to soccer players for division II (4586.3±586.3vs4172.7±371.8mlmin- 1;P<0.05), III (4319.6±418.6vs3932.7±551.2mlmin- 1;P<0.01) and IV (4624.0±627.6vs3413.4±351.0mlmin- 1;P<0.001), respectively. BLmax values was significantly lower in basketball compared to soccer players in I (10.1±1.1vs11.7±2.5mmoll-1;P<0.05) and II divisions (10.6±1.7vs12.0±2.2mmoll-1; P<0.01). In conclusion, it has been certified that the greater VO2max which have been reached by professional soccer and basketball players compared to semi — professional and amateur once and also the soccers compared to basketball players of the same division, can be attributed to the different duration of the maintenance period and to the effect of the training session on each sport, respectively. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17427)

6. Castagna, C., Ditroilo, M., Bernacchia, B. & D’Ottavio, S. (2007).Applicability of the mutilstage fitness test in young female soccer players (Einsetzbarkeit des Mehrstufen-Fitness-Tests für junge Fußballspielerinnen). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 474-475). Zugriff am 26.08.2009 unter https://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/2245.pdf
   

   The multistage fitness test (MSFT) was proposed as a valid test to assess maximal aerobic power (VO2max) in the general population using a gender and age independent equation (Ramsbottom, Brewer et al. 1988). Nevertheless the MSFT is currently used to assess VO2max in many team-sports including soccer. Despite this, no information are available regarding the predictive accuracy of the Rambottom’ formula (Ramsbottom, Brewer et al. 1988) in female young soccer players. Therefore the aims of this study was to examine the accuracy of the original predicting formula in estimating VO2max and the criterion validity of the MSFT in a population of young female soccer players. Twenty-one female soccer players (age 12.1±0.9 years, body mass 50.4±9.2 kg, height 154.9±5.7 cm) with at least three years of experience were randomly chosen among a population of female players (Centro Federale Calcio Femminile, Ancona Italy). After a familiarization session, players were tested over two separate occasions for VO2max (TrackTest) and MSFT performance. Gas analysis were performed during MSFT and TrackTest test with a portable gas analyser (K4b2, COSMED, Rome, Italy). Heart Rates (HR) were recorded using a short-range telemetry system (Polar NV, Kempele, Finland). Results showed that MSFT-VO2max estimation was significantly lower than MSFT-VO2peak (32.72±3.89 vs 40.14±5.92 ml kg-1min-1, p<0.001). No significant difference between TrackTest and MSFT for VO2Peak and HRpeak were observed (38.7±4.7 vs 40.14±5.92 ml kg- 1min-1, and 203±5.3 vs 200±9.8, P>0.05, n=15). Typical error as a CV (TE) were 7.8 (5.9-11.5) and 2.8% (2.2-4.2) for VO2peak and HRpeak comparisons respectively. Estimated MSFT-VO2max vs MSFT VO2peak TE was 7.6% (6.0-10.4). MSFT performance (950±213m) resulted significantly correlated to MSFT-VO2peak (r=0.73, p<0.001). TrackTest-VO2max was not significantly related to MSFT performance (r=0.30, p=0.28). MSFT-VO2peak was significantly related to Estimated VO2max (r=0.70, p<0.01). This study results showed that MSFT formula significantly underestimated VO2peak average difference being in the order of 23% of the estimated value. MSFT-VO2peak resulted significantly related to MSFT performance. Consequently MSFT performance may be considered as an indirect measure of individual VO2max in young female soccer players. Furthermore MSFT may be used as a valid test to assess VO2peak and HRmax when a portable gas analyser and a heart-rate monitor are available. In light of this study results it is suggested to consider MSFT performance (distance covered) and not estimated VO2max when dealing with young female soccer players. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17428)

7. Kraemer, R. & Knobloch, K. (2009). A soccer-specific balance training program for hamstring muscle and patellar and Achilles tendon injuries. An intervention study in Premier League female soccer (Ein fußballspezifisches Gleichgewichtstrainingsprogramm für die ischiokrurale Muskulatur und bei Patella- und Achillessehnenverletzungen. Eine Interventionsstudie im Premier League Frauenfußball). Am. J. Sports Med., 37 (7), 1384-1393.Zugriff am 26.08.2009 unter http://ajs.sagepub.com/content/37/7/1384.abstract
   

   Background: A soccer-specific balance training has been shown to decrease injury incidence of the anterior cruciate ligament and ankle sprains in randomized controlled trials. However, hamstring injuries and tendinopathy remain significant issues in soccer. Hypothesis: Proprioceptive training can reduce the incidence of hamstring muscle injuries and tendinopathy in elite soccer. There is a dose-effect relationship between balance training duration and injury incidence. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Twenty-four elite female soccer players (body mass index, 21.7 ± 1.2; age, 21 ± 4 years) of a German premier league soccer team were prospectively included. Starting in January 2004, an additional soccer-specific proprioceptive multistation training was initiated over 3 years. Injury data/1000 hours of exposure with documentation of all occurred injuries, detailed training, and match exposure data as well as time loss data were 100% complete. Results: At the end of the 3-year proprioceptive balance training intervention, noncontact hamstring injury rates were reduced from 22.4 to 8.2/1000 hours (P = .021), patellar tendinopathy from 3.0 to 1.0/1000 hours (P = .022), and Achilles tendinopathy from 1.5 to 0.0/1000 hours (P = .035). There was no effect of balance training on contact injuries. Mean time loss of all assessed injuries significantly decreased from 14.4 days during the control period to 1.5 days during intervention periods (P = .003). The more minutes of balance training performed, the lower the rate of overall injuries (r = -0.185, P = .001), hamstring injuries (r = -0.267, P = .003), patellar tendinopathy (r = -0.398, P = .02), and gastrocnemius strains (r = -0.342, P = .002). Conclusion: Soccer-specific balance training (protective balancing) can reduce noncontact hamstring injuries and patellar and Achilles tendinopathy. A dose-effect relationship between duration of balance training and injury incidence is evident. A proprioceptive training program reduced the rehabilitation time in noncontact injuries, which warrants further investigation. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17434)

8. Milanese, C., Bruni, M., Mariotti, R. & Zancanaro, C. (2007). Body composition in soccer players of different competitive level (Körperzusammensetzung von Fußballspielern unterschiedlichen Leistungsniveaus). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 487-488). Zugriff am 27.08.2009 unter https://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/1476.pdf
   

   Data on the body composition of soccer players i.e., a physical parameter relevant to performance [1-2], are relatively limited. Recently, some journal papers appeared dealing with the anthropometry and body composition of elite players [3-4], also in relation to identification and selection of talented soccer players [5] or somatic differences according to the team position [6]. We investigated some anthropometric characteristics as well as body composition as determined by skin fold measurement in a group of agonist and non-agonist amateur soccer players. Materials and MethodsA total of 48 male subjects were investigated over three months (March-May). They were aged 23.2±3.24 y, weighted 73.6±9.08 kg, and their mean height was 1.79±0.054 m; the mean BMI (kg/m2) was 22.9±4.16. Skin fold measurement was performed with a Harpenden caliper (Gima, Modena, Italy) according to standard procedures [7]. All anthropometric characteristics were compared for within group difference using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In order to detect between group differences, a post-hoc Bonferroni test was applied where appropriate. ResultsWeight, height, and BMI were similar in the three groups (F=1.19, 2.85, and 2.69, respectively; p=n.s. for all). The Agonist were younger than Non-agonist and Control (F=13.92, p<0.0001); the two latter groups were of similar age. Comparison of individual skin folds showed significant difference in the three groups for the triceps (F=3.94, p<0.026), sub-scapular (F=5.08, p<0.01), mid-axillary (F=3.47, p<0.04), and front thigh (F=3.36, p<0.04) skin fold; the supra-iliac (F=2.87, p<0.067), abdominal (F=2.95 p<0.062), and chest (F=2.97, p<0.061) skin fold were at the limit of statistical significance.DiscussionThis study shows that the sum of skin folds, as well as several individual skin folds, body density, and percent body fat were significantly different in the three groups and these parameters were significantly different between agonist and control subjects, non-agonists showing intermediate, not statistically different values. Performance in soccer is the result of a blend of several factors, including genetic endowment, training and health status of the individual athlete. However, the relative similarity of body composition we found in agonist and nonagonist players may explain the frequency of positive results obtained by teams at a lower competitive level. This data might be a valuable help for a coach guiding players’ training process (the quality, quantity, and organization of physical exercises), thus optimizing soccer performance . (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17438)

9. Ferrer, M. D., Tauler, P., Sureda, A., Pujol, P.,Dorobnic, F., Tur, J. A. & Pons, A. (2009). A soccer match’s ability to enhance lymphocyte capability to produce ROS and induce oxidative damage (Die Möglichkeit eines Fußballspiels, die Fähigkeit von Lymphozyten zu steigern, ROS zu produzieren und oxidative Schädigungen zu induzieren). Int. J. Sport Nutrition & Exerc. Metabol., 19 (3), 243-258. Zugriff am 28.08.2009 unterhttp://hk.humankinetics.com/IJSNEM/viewarticle.cfm?jid=667JT2RJ666FJ6f6622JfGqQ643LkWA3622FgFap682Vz&aid=17026&site=667JT2RJ666FJ6f6622JfGqQ643LkWA3622FgFap682Vz
   

   Soccer-associated oxidative stress has barely been studied. The aims of this study were to establish the effect of a soccer training match and the effect of a diet supplementation with a multivitamin complex and coenzyme Q during 3 months of soccer training on the pro-oxidant and antioxidant status of lymphocytes. In a randomized, double-blind trial, 19 male preprofessional soccer players were treated with either an antioxidant nutrient cocktail or placebo for 90 days. After this period the athletes played a soccer match lasting 60 min. All determinations were made under basal conditions before and after the training period and after the match. Basal lymphocyte hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production did not change after the 3 months of training. Catalase activity decreased (about 50%) after the 3 months, whereas glutathione reductase increased its activity (150—200%) both with placebo and in the supplemented group. Basal ascorbate levels were maintained during the training period, whereas a-tocopherol and MDA decreased (about 40%) in both groups. The match increased H2O2production (180%) in both groups when the lymphocytes were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate, and it also increased MDA levels (150%). Antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant vitamin levels were maintained before and after the match. Regular soccer training modifies the lymphocyte strategy to eliminate ROS and increases protection against oxidative damage. A friendly soccer match raises lymphocyte capacity to produce ROS and oxidative damage, but it is not enough to induce a defensive response, thus leading to a situation of postexercise oxidative stress. Supplementation with low doses of antioxidant vitamins and coenzyme Q does not modify the endogenous antioxidant response to training. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17465)

10. Paschalis, V., Majuridis, I., Siomos, T., Vantarakis, A., Margonis, K., Nikolaidis, M., Kyparos, A., Taxildaris, K., Jamurtas, A., Fatouros, I. & Kouretas, D. (2007). Oxidative stress responses following a football game: The effect of playing time (Oxidativer Stress nach einem Fußballspiel: Der Effekt der Spielzeit). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 588). Zugriff am 31.08.2009 unter https://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/2167.pdf
    

    Football is an intermittent, multiple-sprint activity of high intensity performed over an extended period of time. Sudden decelerations and direction changes performed during a football game produces large eccentric forces which are associated with muscle damage (1) and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) (2). Damaging exercise has been associated with free radical generation and a subsequent inflammation (3). Furthermore, oxygen consumption and mitochondrial oxygen flux increase linked with prolonged intermittent exercise may also increase free radicals generation (4). Free radicals elicit oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA if antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed (5). Until today, oxidative stress responses following a single football game have not been investigated adequately. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a football game induces oxidative stress responses in elite football players.MethodsTwenty-four elite football players were assigned into 2 groups: a) those who played during the football game (n=14), and b) those who did not play during the game (Control, n=10). Athletes were not engaged in strenuous physical activity for at least 48 hours before and after the game. Blood samples were collected prior to the game, immediately following the game, 24 and 48 hours after the game. Blood samples were analyzed for leukocyte count, creatine kinase (CK), uric acid, serum protein carbonyls (PC), TBARS, catalase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and blood glutathione peroxidase (GPX), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). DOMS, muscle swelling (thigh circumference), knee joint range of motion (KJRM) were also measure at the same time points. Performance (vertical jumping and 1RM in squat) were measured at baseline and 24 and 48 hours after the game.ResultsNone of the variables measured changed in the control group. Catalase and TAC remained unaffected in both groups. Leucocyte count, DOMS, CK, PC, TBARS, GPX, and uric acid were elevated (P<0.05) immediately post-game and remained elevated thereafter. The ratio GSH/GSSG was reduced (P<0.05) at all times following the game in the experimental group. Maximal strength and vertical jumping performance declined (P<0.05) at 24 and 48 hours post-game. A significant (P<0.05) correlation was found between playing time and the ratio GSH/GSSG, C, and leukocyte count.DiscussionOur data show that a single football game may increase oxidative stress and muscle damage markers in the circulation. Furthermore, this inflammatory response remained elevated for a prolonged period following the game (48 hours) although athletes were not engaged in any other form of strenuous physical activity or training. This increase in oxidative response following a football game seems to be associated with the athletes’ time of participation in the game. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17470)

11. Simola Rauno, A. de P., Prado, L. S., Guimares A., Silami-Garcia, E. & Cabral, A. (2007). Relationship between muscular strength and anaerobic power in Brazilian prepubertal male soccer players (Beziehung zwischen Muskelkraft und anaerober Leistungsfähigkeit bei brasilianischen Fußballspielern vor der Pubertät). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 603-604). Zugriff am 01.09.2009 unter https://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/2383.pdf
    

    Power achieved during maximal exercise bouts may reflect the anaerobic power of an individual. Children normally show lower performance in such activities when compared to adults. It is supposed that anaerobic capacity is limited in children due to an impaired anaerobic energy production (Bar-Or, 1984). However, the relative contribution of factors involved in power production and performance during maximal exercise bouts is not well known (Mercier et al. 1992). Purpose of the present investigation was to correlate power output during a single maximal exercise bout on a cycle ergometer and maximal isokinetic strength in trained prepubertal males. Sixteen prepubertal (Tanner’s stage 2; 12,1 ± 0,7 years old) male soccer players (at least 2 years of participation in regular training and competing at national brazilian level) were submitted to two different exercise situations. Initially, subjects performed a single maximal exercise bout on an Monark-type cycle ergometer (Inserra, Brazil) with the same characteristics of the Wingate anaerobic test but with a duration of 15 seconds (load was set at 7,5% of total body mass). Blood lactate concentration was determined enzymaticaly from the finger tip three minutes after exercise cessation in complete rest. Peak (Ppeak) and mean (Pmean) power were measured continuously during exercise (MCE Software, Poland). After at least three days, subjects carried out two maximal isokinetic strength tests (Biodex 3 System Pro R , USA) in angular velocities of 60 degrees / sec (ISO60) and 180 degrees / sec (ISO180). Maximal torque (Tmax) and total work (Wt) were measured. High and significant (p < 0,05) Pearson’ s correlation coefficients were found between isokinetic strength and cycling performance, whereas correlations were slightly higher for ISO180, where Ppeak correlated significantly with Tmax (0,94) and Wt (0,89), and Pmean correlated with Tmax (0,93) and Wt (0,88). Tmax achieved during ISO60 correlated with Ppeak (0,89) and Pmean (0,86), and Wt correlated significantly with Ppeak (0,81) and Pmean (0,81) as well. Maximal blood lactate concentrations determined 3 minutes after exercise were 7,0 ± 1,7 mmol/l. They did not significantly correlate with Pmean (0,41) and correlated significantly but only moderately to Ppeak (0,67). Results indicate that in addition to anaerobic energy production, muscular strength plays also an important role on power output during short, maximal exercise bouts in trained prepubertal boys. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17486)

12. Mitrotasios, M. & Varsamis, P. (2007). Does attribution theory apply to football coaches’ perception of competence? Factor analyses and comparisons between three European countries (Kann die Attribut-Theorie auf die Kompetenzwahrnehmung von Fußballtrainern angewandt werden? Faktorenanalysen und Vergleiche zwischen drei europäischen Ländern). In 12th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, Jyväskylä, Finland - July 11-14th 2007. (S. 606-607). Zugriff am 01.09.2009 unterhttps://ecss2007.cc.jyu.fi/schedule/proceedings/pdf/1991.pdf
    

    In order coaches to survive in the area of professional football they have to be successful [1]. The objective of this study is to show how successful do the coaches of three European countries consider their professional performance and what the causes are. In addi-tion, it checks the appropriateness of Weiner’s [5] basic model related to causes classification.MethodsFor this purpose a questionnaire has been made out [2, 3, 4]. It has been answered by 100 active coaches of the above two professional leagues Germany (n= 31), England (n=35) and Greece (n=35). Then results of this exploratory factor analysis pointed out four factors (loadings >.60) which explain the 62, 42% of the total variance and meet Möller’s model views, which is based on Weiner’s relevant theory, about causes classification in sports. Then the application of the confirmation factor analysis certified the good fit of the model consisted of four factors which are: a) personal abilities (internal invariable causes) b) further education (internal variable causes) c) management support, training-conditions, fa-cilities etc (external invariable causes) d) luck, opponents performance level (external vari-able causes). The paired-samples t-test was also applied for the means comparison between two variables. The covariance analysis, which included two others factors (country and league) and two covariates (age and training experience), was used for the rest comparisons. Pearson’s coefficient was also taken into account in order to estimate correlations between variables.ResultsThe results indicated that the majority of coaches (81%) consider their professional career definitely successful. Any significant differences among the three questioned countries and the two professional leagues were not noticed (p>.10). In addition, it was found out that coaches attribute their success more to internal factors and less to the correspondent external ones (M=3.69 and M=2.95, t(99)=14.21 p<001). Moreover it was established that only the internal invariable causes are strongly related to evaluation of their career as successful (r=.369, p<.001). DiscussionIn conclusion the results of this study show that professional football coaches, irrespective of country and league, consider that the qualities of their personality as the ability to lead a team, the experience and the knowledge demanded for a team’s training, the educa-tion acquired in sport schools and their constant further education in seminars (internal invari-able and variable causes) help them to carry out their training program in professional championship satisfactorily, in contrast to the external factors (luck, opponents performance level, training condition and facilities). This fact proves the significance of success in the profes-sional football area. Finally further research is needed for checking the appropriateness of other models related to causal attribution and perception of professional success. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 17490)

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