Futebol

O Centro Esportivo Virtual, em parceria com Institut für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft, informa a publicaçao dos seguintes artigos:

1. Gilmore, S. (2009). The importance of asset maximisation in football: Towards the long-term gestation and maintenance of sustained high performance (Die Bedeutung der langfristigen Maximierung der Vermögenswerte: Auf dem Weg zur langfristigen und nachhaltigen Gestaltung und Erhaltung von Hochleistungen). Int. J. Sports Science & Coaching, 4 (4), 465-488. Zugriff am 20.01.2010 unter http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ijssc/2009/00000004/00000004/art00002
   

   Based upon an extended case study of Bolton Wanderers Football Club, this article argues that asset management strategies need to be accompanied by human resource management (HRM) practices capable of identifying, attracting, developing and retaining strategically valuable staff (as well as skilled players) with the requisite knowledge and abilities to enact asset maximization plans. The article concludes with a range of recommendations for consideration by the strategic apex of the football department, focusing on the role of HRM in creating and maintaining these approaches to securing sustained performance. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 18788)

2. Guest, A. M. & Cox, S. (2009). Using athletes as role models? Conceptual and empirical perspectives from a sample of elite women soccer players (Sportler als Rollenmodel? Konzenptionelle und empirische Perspektiven ausgehend von einer Gruppe Hochleistungsfußballspielerinnen). Int. J. Sports Science & Coaching, 4 (4), 567-581. Zugriff am 20.01.2010 unter http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mscp/ijssc/2009/00000004/00000004/art00008
   

   Although popular discourse claims that elite female athletes serve as effective role models for a broad set of characteristics, theoretical and empirical perspectives on athletes as role models are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. In exploratory research designed to clarify conceptualizations of athletes as role models by asking for the athlete’s own perspectives, we surveyed 39 elite women soccer players in the USA. Drawing primarily on open-ended responses, we found that the players did articulate a consistent cultural script for the characteristics of a role model and felt comfortable with their role-model status. Interestingly, however, that script was not as focused on the athletic prowess that made the players public figures. Instead, the players focused on role models as characterized by meritocratic personality traits (such as being disciplined and hard working) and interpersonal abilities (such as being caring and generous). We discuss implications for those interested in promoting, working with, and studying athletes as role models. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 18793)

3. Arent, S. M., Davitt, P. M., Gallo, D., Facchine, D. & D’Andrea, C. (2010). The effects of an acute bout of static vs. dynamic stretching on performance in college soccer players (Die Auswirkungen einer Serie statischer vs. dynamischer Stretchingübungen auf die Leistung von Fußballern im Collegealter). J. Strength & Condit. Res., 24 (S1), 1. Zugriff am 20.01.2010 unter http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/sp-2.3/ovidweb.cgi?QS2=434f4e1a73d37e8c8b72a1e2ee153b384611d3362377f5c884f62a5685d7110696518eb707f7167f8308cbcd1690992377a440d16e40cdab7440fec903e7ffce3152eb31f3e700f0ba7d94c354524511263e658834958446c191e432276987d3b9a7fcb959eb4410d412064f12eb5519ad98e1c649264920cf3011c771172cd1c4a90728601b6302ab3b0d582b308038e7fad6696b9965b00eeeb287346d2fdf25bc49a9aefed3d864d4fa57f06a1b20e26d00097dbdf73d9340e9fd29bdcfdca bc3d6d8caf5e16bc63f918e8fd598082a5155512478f185e1ee9975dcda57900662735566fd8354f3659d3f3df1e355d8636a3a87f9f0f3
   

   While considerable debate has surrounded the potential effects of dynamic (DS) and static (SS) stretching on performance outcomes, very little has been done to directly compare the two modes of stretching, particularly in both male and female high-level athletes. Furthermore, many of the SS protocols have used unrealistic stretching durations. To compare the effects of externally valid SS and DS lower body stretching protocols on vertical jump and knee extension and flexion peak torque in high-level male and female soccer players. Male (n = 11, Mheight = 1.8 +/-0.1 m; Mweight = 75.7 +/-7.4kg) and female (n = 10, Mheight = 1.6 +/-0.1 m, Mweight = 64.6 +/-5.7 kg) Division I college soccer players participated in the study. Following an initial familiarization session that included instruction and practice of the stretches and tests to be used in the study, subjects were randomly assigned to order of completion of SS and DS conditions, which were separated by at least 3 days. Following a 5 min systemic warm-up, each of the stretching protocols lasted approximately 15 min and focused on the lower body and core. After stretching, subjects performed 2 efforts of a countermovement vertical jump with no arm swing (CMVJ) using a Just Jump mat (Probotics, Inc.), and knee extension and flexion with their dominant leg at 180°·s-1 and 300°·s-1 on a Biodex System 3 isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex Medical Systems, Inc.). The best effort for the CMVJ was used and peak torque was measured at each speed on the Biodex. Compared to SS, DS produced greater performance for CMVJ (SS = 18.6 +/-3.8 in; DS = 20.0 +/-4.4in; p = .001), peak torque at 180 °·s-1 for flexion (SS = 49.5 +/-18.2 ft-lbs; DS = 53.4 +/-18.8 ft-lbs; p = .039), and peak torque at 300 °·s-1 for both extension (SS = 72.2 +/-21.3 ft-lbs; DS = 79.1 +/-24.3 ft-lbs; p = .027) and flexion (SS = 41.6 +/-13.1 ft-lbs; DS = 45.6 +/-14.1 ft-lbs; p = .03). Gender differences emerged for all variables (P.1 0). Compared to static stretching, dynamic stretching resulted in significantly greater vertical jump height and peak torque for knee extension and flexion in both male and female soccer players. These findings are particularly notable given that these measures have previously been associated with greater performance and success in high-level soccer players. It appears that static stretching as part of a warm-up is not an effective tool to improve key performance markers in high-level male and female soccer players. Instead, coaches and athletes should consider using dynamic stretching as part of their warm-up protocol to facilitate enhanced performance on movements associated with greater success in soccer. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 18799)

4. Worsfold, P. & Macbeth, K. (2009). The reliability of television broadcasting statistics in soccer (Die Reliabilität der von den Fernsehanstalten erstellten Statistiken im Fußball). Int. J. Performance Analysis Sport, 9 (3), 344-353. Zugriff am 20.01.2010 unter http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/uwic/ujpa/2009/00000009/00000003/art00007
   

   The aim of this study was to determine if match statistics provided by television companies are a reliable measure of performance. Statistics for six performance indicators were collated from thirty teams over fifteen soccer matches presented by four independent broadcasting companies. Independent post-match analysis was also conducted analyzing the same six performance indicators used by the broadcasting companies. Mean percentage error was calculated for each pair (10 pairs) of observations for each of the six performance indicators. Mean percentage errors above 10% and up to 59.51% were identified between television company statistics and the independent post-match analysis within five out of the six performance indicators assessed. It is possible that different analysis techniques, analyst errors, unclear referee signals and differing operational definitions contributed to the unexpected statistical variations. The study highlights the need for universally accepted performance definitions within soccer. Due to the variability in statistics between companies and the post-match data analysis, viewers and researchers should view television company statistical data with caution and only use the data as a guide to individual, team and match performance and not as an exact measure. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 18805)

5. Ayllon, F., Viejo-Romero, D., Jimenez, A. & Alvar, B. (2010). Application of GPS technology to assess the demands In soccer competition at college-aged level. (Einsatz von GPS-Technologie zur Bewertung der Anforderungen eines Fußballspiels im Altersbereich von Collegestudenten). J. Strength & Condit. Res., 24 (S1), 1. Zugriff am 21.01.2010 unter http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/toc/2010/01001
   

   The main objective of this study was to describe and quantify the total distance crossed by a group of the College-aged Soccer players during different competition matches, differentiating between the positions in field (defense, midfielder and forward). As second objective, we compare the distance measures in this category with those registered in first class soccer Spanish players (Spanish League and European Champions League). 10 male college-aged soccer players led a global positioning satellite (GPS) device (SPI Elite) for 14 league matches of the season 2008/2009. These devices can measure the distance and calculate the running speed and acceleration made by each player along the match There were 140 entries total. The average distance completed by all players without differentiating the position was 8902.53 +/- 250.4 m, with a range between 7963.5 m and 11161.6 m. When the sample was classified by the position, midfield players completed 9271.34 +/- 130.99 m (p < 0.05), an 8% increase over the defense players (8565.6 +/- 309.5 m) and 4% compared to the forwards players (8870.6 +/- 871.0 m), with no significant differences identified between the last two groups (p > 0.05). The distance completed by college-aged soccer players was significantly lower (p <0.05), than the distance registered from elite level players (Spanish League and European Champions League), where midfield players run 12008.5 +/- 776 m (+22%), the defense players 11405.3 +/- 893 m (+25%) and the forwards players 11254 +/- 894 m (+21 %) Our results are similar to the data showed by other studies which had used other tools, as cameras and tracking system (computerized tracking system) regarding the distance crossed by grade or competition level. Independently of the competition level, the midfielders covered the major distance during the matches The midfielder will require greater attention to Conditioning, especially for the specific endurance capacity, to enable them to cope with the game demands. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 18806)

6. Cronin, J. (2010). Effects of eccentric exercise on injury occurrence and optimum length of the knee flexors and extensors in professional soccer players (Auswirkungen exzentrischer Übungen auf das Verletzungsgeschehen und die optimale Länge der Kniebeuger und -strecker bei Fußballprofis). J. Strength & Condit. Res., 24 (S1), 1. Zugriff am 22.01.2010 unter http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/toc/2010/01001
   

   Muscle strains are the most common lower body injuries in professional soccer. Particularly, the biceps femoris and rectus femoris muscles are thought to be at great risk during fast movements (i.e. sprinting, accelerating, change of direction, kicking, landing, etc.) due to their bi-articulate design. PURPOSES: The primary objective of this training study was to determine the effects of eccentric exercise on the optimum length of both the knee flexors and extensors, and to monitor hamstring and quadriceps injuries over the pre-season (i.e. 4 weeks) in professional soccer. Twenty-eight athletes from a professional Spanish soccer team (Division II) were randomly assigned to an eccentric exercise intervention group (EG) or a control group (CG). Over the intervention two athletes from the control group suffered quadriceps injuries and two athletes were contracted by other clubs. After these exclusions, both groups (EG, n = 13; and CG, n = 11) performed regular soccer training during the four week study, which was conducted during the clubs pre-season. The EG performed an additional 10-15 minutes of eccentric exercise, three times per week for the four weeks. Isokinetic dynamometry was used to quantify the optimum length of the knee flexors and extensors, as well as the ratio of peak torque between quadriceps and hamstrings. After the four week intervention, the optimum length of the knee flexors were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 2.3[degrees] in the CG and by 4.0[degrees] in the EG. The change in the EG was significantly greater than that of the CG. The optimum lengths of the knee extensors were significantly increased only in the EG by 6.5[degrees]. Peak torque levels and ratios of quadriceps to hamstring were not significantly altered throughout the study for either group. A relatively short duration eccentric pre-season programme can significantly increase the optimum length of both the knee extensors and flexors, which may have positive benefits in reducing the risk of injury. Given the strength and conditioning coach’s role in prevention of injury and improvement of performance, it would seem good practice to at the very least include bouts of eccentric exercise in the athlete conditioning programme. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 18815)

7. Eisen, T., Danoff, J., Leone, J. & Miller, T. (2010). The effects of multiaxial and uniaxial unstable surface balance training in college athletes (Die Auswirkungen von Gleichgewichtstraining auf multiaxialem und uniaxialem instabilen Untergrund bei Collegesportlern). J. Strength & Condit. Res., 24 (S1), 1. Zugriff am 22.01.2010 unter http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/toc/2010/01001
   

   The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different types of unstable surface balance training (uniaxial on a rockerboard (RB) and multiaxial on a dynadisc (DD)) on balance in Division 1 collegiate athletes in sports that are high-risk for ankle sprains. Subjects (n = 36) consisted of male soccer players, and female volleyball and soccer players, and were equally and randomly assigned to one of three groups (CON, DD, RB). Balance training consisting of balancing on one leg on either the RB or DD, while repeatedly catching a 1kg ball was performed 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Balance was tested with the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) prior to, halfway through, and at the completion of the balance training. Control (CON) subjects also were given the balance test, but did not participate in the training. A 3-way repeated ANOVA revealed that no group individually changed SEBT scores from pre (CON; 0.98 +/- 0.086, DD; 0.98 +/- 0.083, RB; 0.97 +/- 0.085) to post (CON; 1.00 +/- 0.090, DD; 1.01 +/- 0.088, RB; 1.02 +/- 0.068) following balance training. When the two treatment groups were combined (DD and RB), the P value decreased and came closer to significance (p = 0.136). When all three groups were combined, there was a significant difference in SEBT scores from pretraining (CON + DD + RB; 0.98 +/- 0.085) to post training (CON + DD + RB; 1.01 +/- 0.082), which likely indicates low statistical power. The increase in physical activity the subjects experienced during the return to in-season activity, may have contributed to the significant differences in SEBT scores over time but not between DD or RB training. Therefore, a threshold level of physical activity may exist that is necessary to maintain balance during the off season. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 18820)

8. Schmitt, K.-U., Schlittler, M. & Boesiger, P. (2010). Biomechanical loading of the hip during side jumps by soccer goalkeepers (Biomechanische Belastung der Hüfte von Fußballtorhütern bei Sprüngen zur Seite ). J. Sports Sci., 28 (1), 53-59. Zugriff am 25.01.2010 unter http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a917439817
   

   There is a risk of hip injury in dives to the side by soccer goalkeepers. In this study, we assessed hip loading in goalkeepers when performing such dives. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting using an in-ground force plate as well as on a grass surface when the athletes were equipped with force sensors. The forces acting on the hip were measured and high-speed video analysis was performed, allowing the investigation of the dive characteristics and techniques. The peak force values recorded in the laboratory setting ranged from 3 to 8 kN, which corresponded to 4.2-8.6 times body weight. The vertical impact velocities reached 3.25 m/s. In the field experiments, a hip loading of 87-183 N/cm2 was determined. We found that goalkeepers who perform a rolling motion reduce their hip loading. The data provided by this study add to the biomechanics database and contribute to the establishment of injury criteria. Such information is necessary to develop and implement strategies to help prevent hip injuries. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 18835)

9. Anzalone, M. L., Green, V. S., Buja, M., Sanchez, L. A., Harrykissoon, R. I. & Eichner, E. R. (2010). Sickle cell trait and Fatal Rhabdomyolysis in Football Training: A Case Study (Sichelzellanlage und tödliche Rhabdomyolyse im Footballtraining: Eine Fallstudie). Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 42 (1), 3-7. Zugriff am 26.01.2010 unter http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/2010/01000/Sickle_Cell_Trait_and_Fatal_Rhabdomyolysis_in.2.aspx
   

   We report the athletic, the clinical, and the pathological details of a case of fatal rhabdomyolysis during training in a college football player with sickle cell trait (SCT) who collapsed minutes after running 16 successive sprints of 100 yd each. The player, 19 yr old, African American, was apparently healthy when he took the field for the conditioning run. No exertional heat illness was present. After collapsing on-field, the player soon went into coma and developed fulminant rhabdomyolysis, profound lactic acidosis, acute myoglobinuric renal failure, refractory hyperkalemia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Despite intensive care in the hospital, he died about 15 h after admission, likely from a hyperkalemic cardiac arrhythmia; the terminal rhythm was pulseless electrical activity. The forensic autopsy confirmed that the cause of death was acute exertional rhabdomyolysis associated with SCT. Counting this case, at least 15 college football players with SCT have died from complications of exertional sickling, as have younger football players and other athletes. In SCT, maximal, sustained exercise evokes four forces that can foster sickling: hypoxemia, acidosis, hyperthermia, and red cell dehydration. The setting, the clinical and laboratory features, and the clinicopathological correlation here suggest that the fulminant rhabdomyolysis and its fatal sequelae were from exertional sickling. These data suggest that screening and simple precautions for SCT may be warranted to prevent tragedies like this and enable all athletes with SCT to thrive in their sports. (Mikrofiche-Nummer: 18851)

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