Predição da direção da bola em pênalti no futebol por meio da análise cinemática dos chutes.

A cobrança de pênalti é uma oportunidade crucial para marcar e determinar o resultado de uma partida de futebol ou campeonato. Antecipar a direção da bola é fundamental para o goleiro potencializar sua defesa, considerando o rápido tempo de viagem da bola. No entanto, ainda não está claro quais sinais cinemáticos do chutador pode prever a direção da bola. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as variáveis que predizem o direção da bola durante uma cobrança de pênalti de futebol. Vinte jogadores de futebol Sub-19 executaram cobranças de pênalti contra quatro alvos posicionados no gol, enquanto a análise cinemática foi realizada usando uma análise de movimento 3D sistema. A análise de regressão logística revelou que a rotação do tronco no plano transversal (em direção à meta - esquerda; ou ligeiramente para a direita – direita) serviu como o principal preditor da direção horizontal da bola em 250 e 150 ms antes do contato do pé de chute. Além disso, a altura do pé de chute no plano sagital previu apenas a direção vertical no momento do contato. Essas informações, a rotação do tronco de passagem e a altura do pé de chute podem ser empregadas no treinamento perceptivo para melhorar tomada de decisão e a implementação de fintas durante cobranças de pênaltis.

References
Abernethy, B. (1989). Expert–novice differences in perception: How expert
does the expert have to be? Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences,
14(1), 27–30. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1989-35013-001
Abernethy, B. (1990). Anticipation in squash: Differences in advance cue
utilization between expert and novice players. Journal of Sports Sciences,
8(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419008732128
Araújo, D., Davids, K., & Hristovski, R. (2006). The ecological dynamics of
decision making in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(6), 653–676.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.002
Asai, T., Nunome, H., Maeda, A., Matsubara, S., & Lake, M. (2005). Computer
simulation of ball kicking using the finite element skeletal foot model. In
T. Reilly, J. Cabri, & D. Araújo (Eds.), Science and Football V: The
Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on Sports Science and Football,
Lisbon, Portugal (pp. 77–82). Routledge.

Augustus, S., Hudson, P. E., & Smith, N. (2022). Defining movement strate-
gies in soccer instep kicking using the relationship between pelvis and

kick leg rotations. Sports Biomechanics, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/
14763141.2022.2106297
Bazo, N. S., Marcori, A. J., Monteiro, P. H. M., & Okazaki, V. H. A. (2022). Cultural
and environmental aspects influence lateral preferences. International
Journal of Psychology, 57(6), 753–759. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12863
Buscà, B., Hileno, R., Nadal, B., & Serna, J. (2022). Prediction of the penalty kick
direction in men’s soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in
Sport, 22(4), 571–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2022.2097834
Causer, J., Smeeton, N. J., Williams, A. M., & Sampaio, J. (2017). Expertise
differences in anticipatory judgements during a temporally and spatially
occluded task. PLoS ONE, 12(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0171330
Diaz, G. J., Fajen, B. R., & Phillips, F. (2012). Anticipation from biological
motion: The goalkeeper problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Human Perception and Performance, 38(4), 848–864. https://doi.org/10.
1037/a0026962
Dicks, M., Davids, K., & Button, C. (2010). Individual differences in the visual
control of intercepting a penalty kick in association football. Human
Movement Science, 29(3), 401–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.
2010.02.008

Farrow, D., Abernethy, B., & Jackson, R. C. (2005). Probing expert anticipa-
tion with the temporal occlusion paradigm: experimental investigations

of some methodological issues. Motor Control, 9(3), 330–349. https://doi.
org/10.1123/mcj.9.3.330
Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a Estatística usando o SPSS (2nd ed.). Artmed.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Franks, I. M., & Harvey, T. (1997). Cues for goalkeepers: High-tech methods
used to measure penalty shot response. Soccer Journal, 42(3), 30–33.
Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203767764
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2009). Análise
multivariada de dados (6th ed.). Bookman.
Hay, J. G. (1985). The biomechanics of sports techniques. Prentice-Hall.
IFBA. (2020). Laws of the game 20/21 (Vol. 1). The International Football
Association Board.
Jackson, R. C., & Mogan, P. (2007). Advance visual information, awareness,
and anticipation skill. Journal of Motor Behavior, 39(5), 341–351. https://
doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.39.5.341-352
Jackson, R. C., Warren, S., & Abernethy, B. (2006). Anticipation skill and
susceptibility to deceptive movement. Acta Psychologica, 123(3),
355–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.02.002
Kellis, E., & Katis, A. (2007). Biomechanical characteristics and determinants of
instep soccer kick. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 6(2), 154–165.
Kuhn, W. (1988). Penalty-kick strategies for shooters and goalkeepers. In
T. Reilly, A. Lees, K. Davids, & W. J. Murphy (Eds.), Science and football (pp.
489–492). E & FN Spon.

Langhout, R., Weber, M., Tak, I., & Lenssen, T. (2015). Timing characteristics of
body segments during the maximal instep kick in experienced football
players. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 56(7–8), 849–856.
Lees, A., Asai, T., Andersen, T. B., Nunome, H., & Sterzing, T. (2010). The
biomechanics of kicking in soccer: A review. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28
(8), 805–817. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.481305
Lees, A., & Nolan, L. (1998). The biomechanics of soccer: A review. Journal of
Sports Sciences, 16(3), 211–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404198366740
Lees, A., & Owens, L. (2011). Early visual cues associated with a directional
place kick in soccer. Sports Biomechanics, 10(2), 125–134. https://doi.org/
10.1080/14763141.2011.569565
Levanon, J., & Dapena, J. (1998). Comparison of the kinematics of the full-instep
and pass kicks in soccer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(6),
917–927. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199806000-00022
Li, Y., Alexander, M. J. L., Glazebrook, C. M., & Leiter, J. (2015). Prediction of
kick direction from kinematics during the soccer penalty kick.
International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 3(4). https://doi.
org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.3n.4p.1
Lopes, J. E. J. E., Araújo, D., Duarte, R., Davids, K., Fernandes, O., Araujo, D.,
Duarte, R., Davids, K., & Fernandes, O. (2012). Instructional constraints on
movement and performance of players in the penalty kick. International
Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 12(2), 331–345. https://doi.org/
10.1080/24748668.2012.11868602
Lopes, J. E., Jacobs, D. M., Travieso, D., & Araújo, D. (2014). Predicting the
lateral direction of deceptive and non-deceptive penalty kicks in football
from the kinematics of the kicker. Human Movement Science, 36,
199–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.04.004
Maroco, J. (2007). Análise Estatística - Com Utilização do SPSS (3rd ed.).
Edições Sílabo.

McMorris, T., & Colenso, S. (1996). Anticipation of professional soccer goal-
keepers when facing right- and left-footed penalty kicks. Perceptual and

Motor Skills, 82(3), 931–934. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3.931
McMorris, T., Copeman, R., Corcoran, D., Saunders, G., & Potter, S. (1992).
Anticipation of soccer goalkeepers facing penaltykicks. In J. Clarys, T.
Reilly, & A. Stibbe (Eds.), Science and Football (1 st ed., Vol. 2, pp. 250–
253). Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203474235
Morya, E., & Bigatao, H. (2005). Evolving penalty kick strategies: World cup
and club matches 2000–2002. In Science and Football V: The Proceedings
of the Fifth World Congress on Sports Science and Football, Lisbon,
Portugual (pp. 241–247). Routledge.
Njororai, W. W. S. (2013). Analysis of goals scored in the 2010 world cup
soccer tournament held in South Africa. Journal of Physical Education
and Sport, 13(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2013.01002
Nunome, H., Asai, T., Ikegami, Y., & Sakurai, S. (2002). Three-dimensional
kinetic analysis of side-foot and instep soccer kicks. Medicine and Science
in Sports and Exercise, 34(12), 2028–2036. https://doi.org/10.1097/
00005768-200212000-00025
Okazaki, V. H. A., & Monteiro, P. H. M. (2021). Técnicas adequadas marcam

pontos, decisões corretas ganham jogos: treinamento perceptivo apli-
cado ao tênis. In C. C. Cortela & S. P. de Souza (Eds.), Tênis com Ciência, 1a

(pp. 279–294). CRV.
Okazaki, V. H. A., Teixeira, L. A., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2007a). Eficácia da análise
residual para determinar a intensidade do filtro na cinemática. XII
Congresso Brasileiro de Biomecânica, XII(1), 1–5.
Okazaki, V. H. A., Teixeira, L. A., & Rodacki, A. L. F. (2007b). Frequência de
amostragem e filtragem na cinemática. XII Congresso Brasileiro de
Biomecânica, XII(1), 2–6.
Prassas, S. G., TERAUDS, J. G., & Nathan, T. A. (1990). Three-dimensional kinehatic analysis of high and low trajectory kicks in soccer. ISBS-
Conference Proceedings Archive, Colorado, USA, 1(1), 145–149.

Savelsbergh, G. J. P., van der Kamp, J., Williams, A. M., & Ward, P. (2005).
Anticipation and visual search behaviour in expert soccer goalkeepers.
Ergonomics, 48(11–14), 1686–1697. https://doi.org/10.1080/
00140130500101346
Savelsbergh, G. J. P. P., Williams, A. M., van der Kamp, J., & Ward, P. (2002). Visual
search, anticipation and expertise in soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Sports
Sciences, 20(3), 279–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102317284826
Shan, G., & Westerhoff, P. (2005). Full-body kinematic characteristics of the
maximal instep soccer kick by male soccer players and parameters related to kick quality. Sports Biomechanics, 4(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/
10.1080/14763140508522852
Shan, G., & Zhang, X. (2011). From 2D leg kinematics to 3D full-body
biomechanics-the past, present and future of scientific analysis of maximal
instep kick in soccer. Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy, Rehabilitation, Therapy &
Technology: SMARTT, 3(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-3-23

Shim, J., Carlton, L. G., Chow, J. W., & Chae, W.-S. (2005). The use of antici-
patory visual cues by highly skilled tennis players. Journal of Motor

Behavior, 37(2), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.37.2.164-175
Shim, J., Miller, G., & Lutz, R. (2005). Visual cues and information used to
anticipate tennis ball shot and placement. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28
(2), 186–200.

Starkes, J. L., Edwards, P., Dissanayake, P., & Dunn, T. (1995). A new technol-
ogy and field test of advance cue usage in volleyball. Research Quarterly

for Exercise and Sport, 66(2), 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.
1995.10762223

Wang, Y., Ji, Q., & Zhou, C. (2019). Effect of prior cues on action anticipation
in soccer goalkeepers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43(399), 137–143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.02.001
Williams, A. M., Davids, K., Burwitz, L., & Williams, J. G. (1994). Visual search
strategies in experienced and inexperienced soccer players. Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65(2), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/
02701367.1994.10607607
Williams, A. M., & Ericsson, K. A. (2005). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in
sport: Some considerations when applying the expert performance
approach. Human Movement Science, 24(3), 283–307. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.humov.2005.06.002

Williams, A. M., & Ward, P. (2012). Anticipation and decision making: explor-
ing new horizons. Handbook of sport psychology, (Vol. 3, pp. 203–223).

Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011.ch9 .
Winter, D. (1990). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement.
John Wiley & Sons.

Acessar