Psicologia do Esporte

Pessoal, desculpe a duplicação quem já participa da SpoprtPsy. Tem referência de cevnauta nesta seleção. Alguém manda o resumo em português para publicarmos na biblioteca do CEV? (em negrito e com endereço do resumo) laércio

Cognitive Function: Effects of Physical & Mental Exercise
42 Recent Studies
Kenneth S. Pope, Ph.D., ABPP

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The following resource may help therapists, counselors, patients, and their families who wish to keep abreast of the rapidly evolving research on the effects of physical and mental exercise on cognitive functioning.
 
I've pulled together some recent (i.e., published in 2012-2014) research on exercise and cognition.
 
I'll continue to update this resource from time to time, but currently there are 42 citations with excerpts below.
 
One of the other pages on this site that some visitors may find helpful is "Resources for People with Alzheimer's, Family, & Clinicians."
 
Here are the 42 I've gathered so far:
 
Barnes, et al. (2013). "The Mental Activity and eXercise (MAX) Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Enhance Cognitive Function in Older Adults." JAMA Intern Med: 1-8.
Excerpt: "In inactive older adults with cognitive complaints, 12 weeks of physical plus mental activity was associated with significant improvements in global cognitive function with no evidence of difference between intervention and active control groups. These findings may reflect practice effects or may suggest that the amount of activity is more important than the type in this subject population."

Bozoki, et al. (advance online publication). "Effects of a computer-based cognitive exercise program on age-related cognitive decline." Arch Gerontol Geriatr.
Excerpt: "Post hoc analyses suggest that some types of games may have more value than others, but these effects would need to be replicated in a study designed for that purpose. We conclude that a six-week, moderate-intensity computer game-based cognitive intervention can be implemented with high-functioning seniors, but the effect size is relatively small. Our findings are consistent with Owen et al. (2010), but there are open questions about whether more structured, longer duration or more intensive 'games for learning' interventions might yield more substantial cognitive improvement in seniors."

Brown, B. M., et al. (2013). "Multiple effects of physical activity on molecular and cognitive signs of brain aging: Can exercise slow neurodegeneration and delay Alzheimer's disease?" Molecular Psychiatry 18(8): 864-874.
Excerpt: "There is now strong evidence that links regular physical activity or exercise to higher cognitive function, decreased cognitive decline and reduced risk of AD or dementia."

Chang, et al. (2012). "The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis." Brain Res 1453: 87-101.
Excerpt: "Consistent with past findings, analyses indicated that the overall effect was positive and small (g=0.097 n=1034). Positive and small effects were also found in all three acute exercise paradigms: during exercise (g=0.101; 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.041-0.160), immediately following exercise (g=0.108; 95% CI; 0.069-0.147), and after a delay (g=0.103; 95% CI; 0.035-0.170). Examination of potential moderators indicated that exercise duration, exercise intensity, type of cognitive performance assessed, and participant fitness were significant moderators.... The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance are generally small; however, larger effects are possible for particular cognitive outcomes and when specific exercise parameters are used."

Chang., et al. (2012). "Effect of resistance-exercise training on cognitive function in healthy older adults: a review." J Aging Phys Act 20(4): 497-517.
Excerpt: "Several studies have demonstrated that exercise helps reduce or prevent cognitive deterioration among older adults, and recent studies have further examined the effects of resistance-exercise training on cognition.... Resistance exercises and cognition...may enhance specific cognitive performances. Next, they examine the potential mechanisms underlying resistance exercise and cognitive enhancement."

Chang, et al. (advance online publication). "Effects of acute resistance exercise on cognition in late middle-aged adults: General or specific cognitive improvement?" J Sci Med Sport.
Excerpt: "Acute resistance exercise facilitates general cognition but has a more beneficial effect on cognition that involves executive control."

Coelho, et al. (2013). "Multimodal exercise intervention improves frontal cognitive functions and gait in Alzheimer's disease: a controlled trial." Geriatr Gerontol Int 13(1): 198-203.
Excerpt: "The patients in the intervention group significantly increased the scores in frontal cognitive variables, Frontal Assessment Battery (P<0.001) and Symbol Search Subtest (P<0.001) after the 16-week period. The control group decreased the scores in the Clock Drawing Test (P=0.001) and increased the number of counting errors during the dual task (P=0.008) after the same period.... The multimodal exercise intervention improved the frontal cognitive functions in patients with Alzheimer's disease."  http://bit.ly/1hMyjV1

Dufour, C. A., et al. (2013). "Physical exercise is associated with less neurocognitive impairment among HIV-infected adults." Journal of Neurovirology 19(5): 410-417.
Excerpt: "Lower rates of global NCI were observed among the exercise group (15.7 %) as compared to those in the no exercise group (31.0%).... The present findings suggest that HIV-infected adults who exercise are approximately half as likely to show NCI as compared to those who do not."

Farina, N., et al. (2013). "The effect of exercise interventions on cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review." Int Psychogeriatr: 1-10.
EXCERPT: "From the six studies reviewed, the evidence suggests that exercise can have a positive effect on rate of cognitive decline in AD. However, the variation between study designs makes conclusions regarding the optimum intervention on cognitive outcome in AD difficult."

Forbes et al. (2013). "Exercise for People with Dementia." Cochrane Review, December 4.
EXCERPT: "There is promising evidence that exercise programs can have a significant impact in improving ability to perform ADLs and possibly in improving cognition in people with dementia, although some caution is advised in interpreting these findings. The programs revealed no significant effect on challenging behaviours or depression. There was little or no evidence regarding the remaining outcomes of interest."

Ericsson, I., & Karlsson, M. (2012, April 8 - first online publication). "Motor skills and school performance in children with daily physical education in school - a 9-year intervention study." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports.
EXCERPT: "Daily PE and adapted motor skills training during the compulsory school years is a feasible way to improve not only motor skills but also school performance and the proportion of pupils who qualify for upper secondary school."

Gates, N., et al. (2013). "The Effect of Exercise Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials." Am J Geriatr Psychiatry.
EXCERPT: "Meta-analysis revealed negligible but significant effects of exercise on verbal fluency (ES: 0.17 [0.04, 0.30]). No significant benefit was found for additional executive measures, memory, or information processing. Overall results were inconsistent with benefits varying across exercise types and cognitive domains.... There is very limited evidence that exercise improves cognitive function in individuals with MCI, although published research is of moderate quality and inconclusive due to low statistical power."

Geda, et al. (2012). "Computer activities, physical exercise, aging, and mild cognitive impairment: a population-based study." Mayo Clin Proc 87(5): 437-442.
Excerpt: "Participants who engaged in both moderate physical exercise and computer use had significantly decreased odds of having MCI (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.36 [0.20-0.68]) compared with the reference group.... In this population-based sample, the presence of both physical exercise and computer use as assessed via survey was associated with decreased odds of having MCI [mild cognitive impairment], after adjustment for caloric intake and traditional confounders."

Hindin & Zelinski (2012). "Extended practice and aerobic exercise interventions benefit untrained cognitive outcomes in older adults: a meta-analysis." J Am Geriatr Soc 60(1): 136-141.
Excerpt: "Aerobic and extended cognitive practice training interventions for healthy older adults improve performance on untrained cognitive tasks."

Hopkins, et al. (2012). "Differential effects of acute and regular physical exercise on cognition and affect." Neuroscience 215: 59-68.
Excerpt: "Exercise enhanced object recognition memory and produced a beneficial decrease in perceived stress, but only in participants who exercised for 4 weeks including the final day of testing. In contrast, a single bout of exercise did not affect recognition memory and resulted in increased perceived stress levels. An additional novel finding was that the improvements on the NOR task were observed exclusively in participants who were homozygous for the BDNF Val allele, indicating that altered activity-dependent release of BDNF in Met allele carriers may attenuate the cognitive benefits of exercise. Importantly, exercise-induced changes in cognition were not correlated with changes in mood/anxiety, suggesting that separate neural systems mediate these effects."

Kamegaya, et al. (2012). "Pleasant physical exercise program for prevention of cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly with subjective memory complaints." Geriatr Gerontol Int 12(4): 673-679.
Excerpt: "Participants with subjective memory complaints who continued the pleasant physical exercise programs for 12 weeks showed improvement in some aspects of cognitive function. Participation of senior citizen volunteers enabled smooth implementation of the program, and alleviated the burden on the professional staff. The pleasant physical exercise intervention...could be regarded as a community-led intervention to prevent cognitive decline."

Kwon, et al. (advance online publication). "Exercise ameliorates cognition impairment due to restraint stress-induced oxidative insult and reduced BDNF level." Biochem Biophys Res Commun.
Excerpt: "These findings suggest that chronic exercise can ameliorate repeated stress-induced cognitive impairment by detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the hippocampus and activating BDNF signaling."

Lam, et al. (2012). "A 1-year randomized controlled trial comparing mind body exercise (Tai Chi) with stretching and toning exercise on cognitive function in older Chinese adults at risk of cognitive decline." J Am Med Dir Assoc 13(6): 568 e515-520.
Excerpt: "Regular exercise, especially mind-body exercise with integrated cognitive and motor coordination, may help with preservation of global ability in elders at risk of cognitive decline; however, logistics to promote long-term practice and optimize adherence needs to be revisited."

Langlois, et al. (advance online publication). "Benefits of Physical Exercise Training on Cognition and Quality of Life in Frail Older Adults." J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci.
Excerpt: "Compared with controls, the intervention group showed significant improvement in physical capacity (functional capacities and physical endurance), cognitive performance (executive functions, processing speed, and working memory), and quality of life (global quality of life, leisure activities, physical capacity, social/family relationships, and physical health). Benefits were overall equivalent between frail and nonfrail participants.... Physical exercise training leads to improved cognitive functioning and psychological well-being in frail older adults."

Lee, T. M. C., et al. (2014). "Aerobic exercise interacts with neurotrophic factors to predict cognitive functioning in adolescents." Psychoneuroendocrinology 39: 214-224.
Excerpt: "A between-group design was adopted to compare cognitive functioning subserved by the frontal and temporal brain regions and the serum levels of neurotrophic factors between 45 regular exercisers and 46 matched controls. The exercisers performed significantly better than the controls on the frontal and temporal functioning parameters measured. This beneficial cognitive effect was region-specific because no such positive cognitive effect on task-tapping occipital functioning was observed. With respect to the serum levels of the neurotrophic factors, a negative correlation between neurotrophic factors (BDNF and VEGF) with frontal and medial-temporal lobe function was revealed. Furthermore, the levels of BDNF and VEGF interacted with exercise status in predicting frontal and temporal lobe function. This is the first report of the interaction effects of exercise and neurotrophic factors on cognitive functioning."

Lucas, S. J., et al. (2012). "Effect of age on exercise-induced alterations in cognitive executive function: relationship to cerebral perfusion." Exp Gerontol 47(8): 541-551.
Excerpt: "These data indicate that: 1) Regardless of age, cognitive (executive) function is improved while exercising; 2) while MCAv is strongly related to cognition at rest, this relation becomes uncoupled during exercise, and 3) there is dissociation between global CBF and regional cortical oxygenation and NIRS blood volume markers during exercise and engagement of prefrontal cognition."

Makizako, et al. (2012). "Does a multicomponent exercise program improve dual-task performance in amnestic mild cognitive impairment? A randomized controlled trial." Aging Clin Exp Res 24(6): 640-646.
Excerpt: "This six-month multicomponent exercise program improved maximal walking speed in older adults with aMCI; however, it did not improve dual-task performances assessed by reaction times."

Marzolini, et al. (advance online publication). "The Effects of an Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Training Program on Cognition Following Stroke." Neurorehabil Neural Repair.
Excerpt: "A combined training model (AT+RT) resulted in improvements in cognitive function and a reduction in the proportion of patients meeting the threshold criteria for MCI [mild cognitive impairment]. Change in cognition was positively associated with change in fat-free mass and ATge."

McMorris & Hale (2012). "Differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition: a meta-analytical investigation." Brain Cogn 80(3): 338-351.
Excerpt: "Iincreased arousal during moderate intensity exercise resulted in faster speed of processing. The very limited effect on accuracy may be due to the failure to choose tests which are complex enough to measure exercise-induced changes in accuracy of performance."

Miller, et al. (2012). "Measuring the impact of exercise on cognitive aging: methodological issues." Neurobiol Aging 33(3): 622 e629-643.
Excerpt: "this time, the best prescription for lifestyle interventions for healthy cognitive aging would be sustained physical, social, and mental activities. What remains unknown is which type of activity might be most useful, and whether everyone benefits similarly from the same interventions."

Mortimer, et al. (2012). "Changes in brain volume and cognition in a randomized trial of exercise and social interaction in a community-based sample of non-demented Chinese elders." J Alzheimers Dis 30(4): 757-766.
Excerpt: "Compared to the No Intervention group, significant increases in brain volume were seen in the Tai Chi and Social Intervention groups (p < 0.05). Improvements also were observed in several neuropsychological measures in the Tai Chi group, including the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale score (p = 0.004), the Trailmaking Test A (p = 0.002) and B (p = 0.0002), the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (p = 0.009), and verbal fluency for animals (p = 0.01). The Social Interaction group showed improvement on some, but fewer neuropsychological indices. No differences were observed between the Walking and No Intervention groups. The findings differ from previous clinical trials in showing increases in brain volume and improvements in cognition with a largely non-aerobic exercise (Tai Chi). In addition, intellectual stimulation through social interaction was associated with increases in brain volume as well as with some cognitive improvements."

Oertel-Knochel, V., et al. (2014). "Effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive performance and individual psychopathology in depressive and schizophrenia patients." European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. (Advance Online Publication)
Excerpt: "Two disease groups (n = 22 MDD patients, n = 29 SZ patients) that were matched for age, gender, duration of disease and years of education received cognitive training combined either with aerobic physical exercise or with mental relaxation training. The interventions included 12 sessions (3 times a week) over a time period of 4 weeks, lasting each for 75 min (30 min of cognitive training + 45 min of cardio training/mental relaxation training). Cognitive parameters and psychopathology scores of all participants were tested in pre- and post-testing sessions and were then compared with a waiting control group. In the total group of patients, the results indicate an increase in cognitive performance in the domains visual learning, working memory and speed of processing, a decrease in state anxiety and an increase in subjective quality of life between pre- and post-testing. The effects in SZ patients compared with MDD patients were stronger for cognitive performance, whereas there were stronger effects in MDD patients compared with SZ patients in individual psychopathology values. MDD patients showed a significant reduction in depressive symptoms and state anxiety values after the intervention period. SZ patients reduced their negative symptoms severity from pre- to post-testing. In sum, the effects for the combined training were superior to the other forms of treatment. Physical exercise may help to reduce psychopathological symptoms and improve cognitive skills."

Pastula, et al. (2012). "Effect of moderate-intensity exercise training on the cognitive function of young adults with intellectual disabilities." J Strength Cond Res 26(12): 3441-3448.
Excerpt: " Performance was significantly improved on all 3 cognitive tests (all, p < 0.002). Aerobic fitness also significantly improved (p < 0.002). The mean percent increase in processing speed, a measure taking into account each individual's performance on the 3 subtests, was 103%. The mean individual improvement in aerobic fitness was 17.5%. Moderate-intensity exercise training can yield robust improvements in the cognitive functioning and aerobic fitness of young adults with IDs."

Rattray & Smee (advance online publication). "Exercise improves reaction time without compromising accuracy in a novel easy-to-administer tablet-based cognitive task." J Sci Med Sport.
Excerpt: "Exercise facilitated performance in the executive function task such that reaction time was enhanced with no change in accuracy."

Roig, M., et al. (2013). "The effects of cardiovascular exercise on human memory: A review with meta-analysis." Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37(8): 1645-1666.
EXCERPT: "Data from 29 and 21 studies including acute and long-term cardiovascular interventions were retrieved. Meta-analyses revealed that acute exercise had moderate (SMD=0.26; 95% CI=0.03, 0.49; p=0.03; N=22) whereas long-term had small (SMD=0.15; 95% CI=0.02, 0.27; p=0.02; N=37) effects on short-term memory. In contrast, acute exercise showed moderate to large (SMD=0.52; 95% CI=0.28, 0.75; p<0.0001; N=20) whereas long-term exercise had insignificant effects (SMD=0.07; 95% CI=-0.13, 0.26; p=0.51; N=22) on long-term memory.... Strategically combined, acute and long-term interventions could maximize the benefits of cardiovascular exercise on memory."

Schneider, et al. (2013). "The influence of exercise on prefrontal cortex activity and cognitive performance during a simulated space flight to Mars (MARS500)." Behav Brain Res 236(1): 1-7.
Excerpt: "Cognitive performance was improved following running sessions on an active treadmill (p<.05). Results let us assume that not exercise per se acts as a neuro-enhancer. It is more likely that a general defocusing caused by an immersion into exercise is necessary to improve cognitive performance."

Segal, et al. (2012). "Exercise-induced noradrenergic activation enhances memory consolidation in both normal aging and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment." J Alzheimers Dis 32(4): 1011-1018.
Excerpt: "Exercise significantly elevated endogenous norepinephrine (measured via the biomarker, salivary alpha-amylase) in both aMCI patients and controls. Additionally, exercise retrogradely enhanced memory in both aMCI patients and controls. Acute exercise that activates the noradrenergic system may serve as a beneficial, natural, and practical therapeutic intervention for cognitive decline in the aging population."

Suzuki, et al. (2012). "Effects of multicomponent exercise on cognitive function in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial." BMC Neurol 12: 128.
Excerpt: "This study indicates that exercise improves or supports, at least partly, cognitive performance in older adults with aMCI."
Telles, S., et al. (2013). "Effect of yoga or physical exercise on physical, cognitive and emotional measures in children: A randomized controlled trial." Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health.
Excerpt: "Both groups showed an increase in BMI, and number of sit-ups (p < 0.001). Balance worsened in the physical exercise group, while plate tapping improved in the yoga group (p < 0.001). In the Stroop task both groups showed improved color, word- and color-word naming (p < 0.01), while the physical exercise group showed higher interference scores. Total, general and parental self-esteem improved in the yoga group (p < 0.05).... Yoga and physical exercise are useful additions to the school routine, with physical exercise improving social self-esteem."

Uemura, et al. (2012). "Effects of exercise intervention on vascular risk factors in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial." Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2(1): 445-455.
Excerpt: "Exercise intervention was associated with positive changes in important vascular risk factors related to cognitive decline and vascular disease in older adults with MCI."
Uemura, et al. (2013). "Cognitive function affects trainability for physical performance in exercise intervention among older adults with mild cognitive impairment." Clin Interv Aging 8: 97-102.
Excerpt: "General cognitive function was associated with improvements in physical performance after exercise intervention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment."

Varela, et al. (2012). "Effects of two different intensities of aerobic exercise on elderly people with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized pilot study." Clin Rehabil 26(5): 442-450
Excerpt: "In this pilot study, intensity does not seem to be a determining factor when aerobic exercise is performed by people with mild cognitive impairment."

Verburgh, L., et al. (2013). "Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis." Br J Sports Med.
Excerpt: "Results suggest that acute physical exercise enhances executive functioning. The number of studies on chronic physical exercise is limited and it should be investigated whether chronic physical exercise shows effects on executive functions comparable to acute physical exercise. This is highly relevant in preadolescent children and adolescents, given the importance of well-developed executive functions for daily life functioning and the current increase in sedentary behaviour in these age groups."

Vogt, et al. (2012). "Exercise, mood and cognitive performance in intellectual disability - a neurophysiological approach." Behav Brain Res 226(2): 473-480.
Excerpt: "Significant changes in cortical current density in frontal brain areas as well as decreases in perceived physical energy could be shown. Overall motivational states (including self-confidence and social acceptance) as well as positive mood increased significantly. However, no changes could be observed for the cognitive tasks following exercise. With respect to the data provided here there is reason to believe, that a self-selected pace running exercise, enhances self-esteem, coincided with cortical activity changes in fronto-temporal brain areas."
Voss, M. W., et al. (2013). "The influence of aerobic fitness on cerebral white matter integrity and cognitive function in older adults: Results of a one-year exercise intervention." Human Brain Mapping 34(11): 2972-2985.

Excerpt: "Results showed that aerobic fitness training did not affect group-level change in WM integrity, executive function, or short-term memory, but that greater aerobic fitness derived from the walking program was associated with greater change in WM integrity in the frontal and temporal lobes, and greater improvement in short-term memory. Increases in WM integrity, however, were not associated with short-term memory improvement, independent of fitness improvements. Therefore, while not all findings are consistent with previous research, we provide novel evidence for correlated change in training-induced aerobic fitness, WM integrity, and cognition among healthy older adults."

Yu, et al. (2013). "Affecting cognition and quality of life via aerobic exercise in Alzheimer's disease." West J Nurs Res 35(1): 24-38.
Excerpt: "Results show that there were no significant changes in any measures except for depression (p = .026). There was a trend toward improvement in executive function and QOL with moderate effect sizes (ESs) and a trend toward deterioration in global cognition with moderate to large ESs. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of aerobic exercise in older adults with AD."

FONTE com links: http://kspope.com/site/cognition.php

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